Which of the following about the receptor-induced conformational changes in viral fusion proteins are correct? (Select all that apply): Receptor binding to the viral fusion protein is an irreversible process that leads to membrane fusion. Proteolytic cleavage may be necessary for fusion protein activation but does not always occur at the receptor binding stage. Conformational changes induced by receptor binding can activate a fusion protein. All viral fusion proteins require receptor binding for a activation (not just for binding)

Which of the following about the receptor-induced conformational changes in viral fusion proteins are correct? (Select all that apply): Receptor binding to the viral fusion protein is an irreversible process that leads to membrane fusion. Proteolytic cleavage may be necessary for fusion protein activation but does not always occur at the receptor binding stage. Conformational changes induced by receptor binding can activate a fusion protein. All viral fusion proteins require receptor binding for a activation (not just for binding)

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)

11th Edition

ISBN:9780134580999

Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...

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A cell is infected with an HIV mutant that results in very little virus being released into the medium that is used to grow the cultured cells. Upon electron microscopy it is noted that the membrane of the infected cell is idenitcal in appearance to a cell that has not been infected. In addition there is relatively little viral RNA in the cells and relatively few proviruses in the cellular genome when compared to a non-mutant HIV infection. Which of the following proteins is most likely mutated? Multiple Choice gag reverse transcriptase vif vpu
Researchers studying the SARS-CoV-2 virus, also known as COVID-19, have found that the virus is able to circumvent its host cell's normal defenses by leaving the cell via its lyso- somes rather than its normal secretory vesicles, as illustrated in the figure below. endoplasmic reticulum nucleus disrupted lysosomal functions Entry and egress of the SARS-CoV-2 virus A Golgi complex Which of the following best explains their findings? B lysosome (deacidified) С lysosome (acidified) B-coronavirus normal biosynthetic pathway egress via lysosomal trafficking SARS-CoV-2 inhibits lysosomes of its host cells by decreasing the pH within them. SARS-CoV-2 activates lysosomes of its host cells by decreasing the pH within them. SARS-CoV-2 activates lysosomes of its host cells by increasing the pH within them. D SARS-CoV-2 inhibits lysosomes of its host cells by increasing the pH within them.
Why are mutations in the spike protein of special interest in regard to vaccine evasion? Because the spike protein is the target of COVID-19 vaccines. Because mutations in the spike protein always are in the receptor-binding domain (RBD). Because spike protein mutations are associated with increased virus transmission. Because the gene for the spike protein mutates faster than the other genes. Because spike protein mutations are associated with increased disease severity.
Explain the reason why these viruses encode their own special fusion protein rather than making use of a cell's SNARES.
Viruses with negative sense RNA genomes typically, make proteins by: (Ignore retroviruses, and the unusual characteristics of coronaviruses) Translation of short RNA transcripts generated by RDRP Generating a DNA copy, which is then transcribed by host RNA polymerase. Translation of the viral genome by host ribosomes. Production of a polyprotein, which must be cleaved into smaller proteins. Generating a negative sense genome copy, which is then translated by host ribosomes.
Suppose that you want to study retroviral integration mechanisms by determining the nucleotide sequence at the integration site—several dozen nucleotides on each side of the viral–cellular DNA junction. Describe how to isolate DNA containing a junction site in amounts sufficient for sequence analysis.
Some retroviruses that have a wide host range have been developed for use in treatment of diseases or syndromes. These viruses do not result in a productive infection because they lack critical genes for viral replication, but they do carry DNA sequences that allow them to be packaged into infectious particles. Once in the host cell the viral DNA is released and integrates into the cell's genome. The advantage to this strategy is that the delivery of the DNA is very efficient. What is one possible problem of using a virus that can integrate into the human nuclear genome? Multiple Choice The virus carries genes that will interfere with host cell activities. The viral DNA sequences could still cause a disease. Since the viral DNA sequences no longer contain essential genes for viral replication the host cell may not be able to replicate either. The integration could disrupt an essential gene or genes.
Human Papillomaviruses has of many strains. Some of them cause warts while others can cause cancer. The question is why some strains cause cancer and others cause relatively harmless warts. Please mention the status of the viral genome (or parts of it), such as integrated or free, and the action of the viral oncogenes in terms of promoting cell division (when it would normally be controlled). And what proteins do the products of the viral oncogenes target? And also what is their normal function?
The dUTPase enzyme is used by the African swine fever virus to repair its own DNA, as the cells the virus infects in swine do not express the dUTPase protein. Which of the following is a reasonable explanation for the role of the dUTPase in the virus lifecycle? Explain your choice in 25 words or less. The dUTPase is necessary to remove dUTP from the viral genome, as uracil should not be present in DNA The dUTPase is necessary to remove dUTP from the viral genome, as uridine cannot correctly base pair with adenine-containing bases The dUTPase is necessary to remove dUTP from the viral genome, as uridine has the wrong sugar component for building DNA More than one of the above answers is correct None of the above answers is correct
The new Covid19 vaccine produced by two companies (Pfizer, Moderna) uses mRNA coding for part of the spike protein of the virus. The virus uses the spike protein to invade human cells where it replicates. Is it surprising that the mRNA must be stabilized with chemicals that need ultra-cold or frozen storage to protect the mRNA from degradation before it causes human muscle cells to make the spike protein? Some Covid 19 vaccines in development use the adenovirus, a common vector used in gene therapies, to inject the mRNa for the spike protein into human muscle cells. Why might vaccines using a virus vector be more likely to need only refrigeration and not deep-cold storage, given what you know about viruses? Some older vaccines used a weakened strain of the pathogenic virus in the injection in the hope that the weakened virus would induce an immune response without causing disease. The virus vectors used in genetic engineering have all the harmful virus genes cut out and replaced with…
If a viral host cell has a mutation that interferes with the addition of carbohydrates to proteins (glycoproteins) during processing in the Golgi apparatus, which of the following processes is most likely to occur? O A. Viruses released by that host cell would have a decreased ability to infect cells than the virus that originally infected the cell. B. The virus-encoded protease would be unable to cleave large viral proteins into smaller, functional polypeptides. OC. The virus would be unable to replicate within the host cell. D. Viruses released by that cell are novel and would result in infections with higher mortality rates.
You work for a large biotechnology company that is studying viruses, vaccines, and small molecule inhibitors. You are asked to give an overview of cell signaling as it relates to the coronavirus and young adults. a) Describe cell signaling pathways (e.g., at least 3) that are likely manipulated during a coronavirus infection. In your description, include how the pathways are involved in antagonizing the host antiviral response.