When Zidovudine (3'-azidothymidine or AZT) is added directly to anassay measuring the rate of DNA synthesis catalyzed by the AIDS virus reversedtranscriptase, AZT is shown to be without significant inhibitory activity. Explain how AZTis metabolized in virus infected cells to convert the nucleoside into a potent andeffective reversed transcriptase inhibitor.

Zidovudine (AZT) is a drug used to treat (mainly prolong the life) AIDS. The full chemical name of…

Answered: When Zidovudine (3'-azidothymidine or…

Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305251052

Author:Michael Cummings

Publisher:Michael Cummings

Chapter10: From Proteins To Phenotypes

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 9QP: a. Compounds A, B, C, and D are known to be intermediates in the pathway for production of protein...

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Article about RPA-mediated recruitment of Bre1 couples histone H2B ubiquitination to DNA replication and repair. The question, Explain the mechanism of the genotoxic agent invalidating the regulator and pathway
Explain the signifi cance of the observation that peptides such as fMet-Leu-Phe “activate” the phagocytotic (particle-engulfi ng) functions of mammalian leukocytes (white blood cells).
b. Compounds A, B, C, and D are known to be intermediates in the pathway for production of protein E. To determine where the block in protein-E production occurred in each individual, the various intermediates were given to each individuals cel Is in culture. After a few weeks of growth with the intermediate, the cells were assayed for the production of protein E. The results for each individuals cells are given in the following table. A plus sign means that protein E was produced after the cells were given the intermediate listed at the top of the column. A minus sign means that the cells still could not produce protein E even after being exposed to the intermediate at the top of the column. Denote the point in the pathway in which each individual is blocked.
a. Compounds A, B, C, and D are known to be intermediates in the pathway for production of protein E. To determine where the block in protein-E production occurred in each individual, the various intermediates were given to each individuals cel Is in culture. After a few weeks of growth with the intermediate, the cells were assayed for the production of protein E. The results for each individuals cells are given in the following table. A plus sign means that protein E was produced after the cells were given the intermediate listed at the top of the column. A minus sign means that the cells still could not produce protein E even after being exposed to the intermediate at the top of the column. Draw the pathway leading to the production of protein E.
Azidothymidine is a Thymidine analog used to inhibit viral reverse transcriptase. Explain the application of this nucleoside analog as an antiviral drug and how it affects reverse transcription and therefore block the ability of the virus to hijack the host cell
Emtricitabine (2',3'-dideoxy-5-fluoro-3'-thiacytidine, abbreviated as FTC) is a nucleoside analog that is used to treat HIV. It works by reversibly binding to HIV reverse transcriptase (HIV RT) and by doing so, inhibits the virus from replicating itself. In an experiment, FTC and purified HIV RT are mixed at low concentrations and allowed to reach equilibrium. The concentrations measured are [FTC] = 10 nM, [HIV RT] = 37.5 nM, and [HIV RT-FTC] = 2.5 µM, for the equilibrium FTC + HIV RT= HIV RT-FTC. What is the Kd in nM?
please help explain Influenza A virus M2 protein triggers mitochondrial DNA-mediated antiviral immune responses Cytosolic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) activates cGAS-mediated antiviral immune responses, but the mechanism by which RNA viruses stimulate mtDNA release remains unknown. Here we show that viroporin activity of influenza virus M2 or encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) 2B protein triggers translocation of mtDNA into the cytosol in a MAVS-dependent manner. Although influenza virus-induced cytosolic mtDNA stimulates cGAS- and DDX41- dependent innate immune responses, the nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) of influenza virus associates with mtDNA to evade the STING-dependent antiviral immunity. The STINGdependent antiviral signaling is amplified in neighboring cells through gap junctions. In addition, we find that STING-dependent recognition of influenza virus is essential for limiting virus replication in vivo. Our results show a mechanism by which influenza virus stimulates mtDNA release…
CTP synthetase catalyzes the glutamine-dependent conversion of UTP to CTP. The enzyme is allosterically inhibited by the product, CTP. Mammalian cells defective in this allosteric inhibition are found to have a complex phenotype: They require thymidine in the growth medium, they have unbalanced nucleotide pools, and they have an elevated spontaneous mutation rate. Explain the likely basis for these observations.
NH NH но но NH HO но Deoxythymidine Zidovudine Stavudine Zidovudine and Stavudine are nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors which consists of a deoxythymidine analogue. Show an outline of a general synthetic protocol to produce an analogue within this series.
Which of the following would be a good chemotherapy approach: blocking formationof the ribonucleotide GTP or blocking formation of the deoxyribonucleotide dGTP?Why? Please explain the chemical differences between each of the two nucleotides. Use the specific processes below to support your choice by explaining how either GTP or dGTPare related to these and how loss of the particular molecule would affect each process. *PEP carboxykinase in gluconeogenesis*Succinyl-CoA synthetase in the TCA Cycle*Glucagon signal transduction
Zidovudine and Stavudine are nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors which consists of a deoxythymidine analogue. Show an outline of a general synthetic protocol to produce an analogue within this series.
Suggest a reasonable strategy for the specific phosphorylation of the5’ –OH group of a nucleoside.

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