The pathway that converts glucose to acetyl-CoA is often referred to as an “aerobic oxidation pathway.” (a) Is molecular boxygen involved in any of the steps of glycolysis? (b) Thinking back to Chapter 20, where does molecular oxygen enter the picture?
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The pathway that converts glucose to acetyl-CoA is often referred to as an “aerobic oxidation pathway.” (a) Is molecular boxygen involved in any of the steps of glycolysis? (b) Thinking back to Chapter 20, where does molecular oxygen enter the picture?
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- Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms carry out some form of glycolysis. How does ha fact support or not support the assertion that glycolysis is one of the oldest metabolic pathways?Study Figure 19.18 and decide which of the following statements is false. Pyruvate dehydrogenase is inhibited by· NIADH. Pyruvate dehydrogenase is inhibited by AΤΡ. Citrate synthase is inhibited by NADH. Succinyl-CoA activates citrate synthase. Acetyl-CoA activates pyruvate carboxylase.How many acetyl CoA molecules are produced in one cycle of beta oxidation? How many cycles would it take to catabolize a stearic acid molecule (a fatty acid, [18:0]) into acetyl Co A units? a)How many acetyl CoA molecules would be produced? b) How many reduced nucleotides would be produced? c) If a molecule of glucose produces a net 32 ATP when completely catabolized, which do you think will produce more energy, one molecule of glucose or one molecule of stearic acid? Justify your answer.
- The CO2 produced in one round of the citric acid cycle does not originate in the acetyl carbons that entered that round. (a) How many rounds are required before 14CO2 is released if acetyl-CoA is labeled at its methyl group? (b) If acetyl-CoA is labeled with 14C at its carbonyl carbon, how many rounds of the cycle are required before 14CO2 is released?The citric acid cycle is a critical sequence of reactions for energy production, which take place in the matrix of the mitochondria. The reaction cycle requires materials from the cytosol to be converted into acetyl CoA, which represents the starting point of a new cycle. Which of the following statements about acetyl CoA is true? (a) Acetyl CoA is recycled at the end of every cycle. (b) Oxaloacetate is attached to acetyl CoA to feed the citric acid cycle. (c) Triacylglycerol molecules are transported into the mitochondrial matrix and cleaved by lipases to produce acetyl CoA. (d) Oxaloacetate is converted directly into acetyl CoA to feed the citric acid cycleFor each of the steps below, choose (A) if the step pertains to b-oxidation, (B) if the step pertains to fatty acid synthesis, or (C) if the step is common to both processes. ______ Acetyl CoA is produced as a product.______ Activation (the committed step of the process) requires ATP hydrolysis. ______ Accumulated acetyl CoA serves as a substrate.______ The length of fatty acid carbon chain is modified in the mitochondria. ______ ACP acts as the acyl carrier.
- Compare and contrast the pathway by which fatty acids are degraded (B-oxidation) with the pathway by which fatty acids are synthesized from acetyl-CoA. Comment on the following: (i) nature of the "activated" structures (ii) coenzymes involved (iii) stereochemistry of the intermediates (iv) sites where pathways occurD) Carbohydrate catabolism involves substrate-level phosphorylation. E) My answer is not here 27. The adduct acetoacetyl-acyl carrier protein is formed as an intermediate during fatty acid biosynthesis. The CO2 used to synthesize malonyl-S-CoA is lost. Would this help make the reaction more or less energetically favorable? A) Loss of CO2 increases entropy (AS) and therefore decreases the favorability of the reaction (AG). B) Loss of CO2 has no effect on entropy (AS) and therefore does not affect the favorability of the reaction (AG). C) Loss of CO2 increases entropy (AS) and therefore increases the favorability of the reaction (AG). D) Loss of CO2 decreases entropy (AS) and therefore decreases the favorability of the reaction (AG). E) Loss of CO2 decreases entropy (AS) and therefore increases the favorability of the reaction (AG).Compare the regulation of phosphofuctokinase-1 (PFK- 1) activity and fructose 1,6- bisphosphatase in glycolysis. c) In the B-oxidation of a saturated, even chain fatty acid, four basic steps are involved. Describe these reactions using the degradation of palmitic acid as an example. d) e) Compare the steps involved in the formation of ketone bodies.
- Outline the conditions that direct pyruvate toward the following:(a) Entry into the citric acid cycle(b) Conversion to ethanol and CO2(c) Conversion to lactate(d) Glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis)In what tissues or organisms is each pathway present?The amount of glucose 6-phophate that is used by the glycolytic or pentose phosphate (b) pathways is determined by the current metabolic state of the cytosol. This regulation is achieved in part via allosteric regulation of the first committed step of the pentose phosphate pathway. (i) What metabolite is the key allosteric regulator of the pentose phosphate pathway, and what enzyme does this metabolite regulate? (ii) What happens to glucose 6-phopshate in the limiting case when this metabolite is in excess? (iii) What happens to glucose 6-phophate in the limiting case when this metabolite is absent?Create a metabolic pathway map that includes "the 4 Gs": glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogen synthesis & glycogenolysis, as well as one type of fermentation, and pyruvate oxidation (to acetyl-CoA). The map should show all these 6 pathways on the same page, to emphasize how these processes are related to each other. Your map should include: a) Clear labels for all the pathways b) All the pathways shown on the same page and correctly integrated with each other, i.e., it should be clear which reactions are shared by different pathways c) The names of all metabolites (common abbreviations may be used) d) The names of all enzymes e) All relevant cofactors/co-substrates discussed in class, clearly showing, where ATP is used and produced f) Double or single arrows representing reversible or irreversible reactions, respectively g) All "high-energy" intermediates clearly labeled with an asterisk (*) h) Labels for cellular locations of the pathways/reactions