Only carbon skeleton of amino acids are used in glucogeneogenesis but not fatty acids. How can fatty acid oxidation in the liver then provide fuel for the brain ? Explain the pathways and compounds involved
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Only carbon skeleton of amino acids are used in glucogeneogenesis but not fatty acids. How can fatty acid oxidation in the liver then provide fuel for the brain ? Explain the pathways and compounds involved
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- Only the carbon skeleton of amino acids is used in gluconeogenesis but not fatty acids. How can fatty acid oxidation in the liver then provide fuel for the brain? Explain the pathways and compounds involvedIn gluconeogenesis, only the carbon skeletons of amino acids, not fatty acids, are utilised. So how does fatty acid oxidation in the liver produce brain fuel? Describe the substances and routes involved.Define beta-oxidation of fatty acids? Describe in detail three different steps of beta-oxidation of FAs.
- How many ATP will be broken down in the complete β-oxidation of this fatty acid?Will an amino acid be glucogenic or ketogenic if it is catabolized to the following molecules?(a) Phosphoenolpyruvate(b) -Ketoglutarate (c) Succinyl-CoA(d) Acetyl-CoA(e) Oxaloacetate(f) AcetoacetateIn fatty acid biosynthesis explain the following two parts -(a) What effect will an increase in oxaloacetate in mitochondria have on fatty acid biosynthesis?(b) How insulin and glucagon affect fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis reactions/pathways, name them.
- We have stated that fatty acids cannot yield a net gain in carbohydrates in organisms that lack a glyoxalate pathway. Why can odd-chain fatty acids be thought to break this rule to a small extent?Whether the inability to fully break down the amino acids lysine, hydroxylysine, and tryptophan may have an impact on fatty acid oxidation is currently unknown.Compare the regulation of phosphofuctokinase-1 (PFK- 1) activity and fructose 1,6- bisphosphatase in glycolysis. c) In the B-oxidation of a saturated, even chain fatty acid, four basic steps are involved. Describe these reactions using the degradation of palmitic acid as an example. d) e) Compare the steps involved in the formation of ketone bodies.
- How many acetyl CoA molecules can be produced during the complete β-oxidation of this fatty acid?Why are the essential fatty acid associated with low incidence of heart disease? Cite some clinical signs of essential fatty acid deficiency. Explain how aspirin can block the synthesis of prostaglandins?Triglyceride is an important energy reserve material for human body. When sugar supply is insufficient, triglyceride can be powered by B oxidation and decomposition of fatty acids. When sugar intake is excessive, triglyceride can also be synthesized by de novo synthesis. List the differences between the fatty acid beta oxidation pathway and the de novo synthesis pathway (identify at least five differences)