suppose the RSA cryptosystem is used for sending secret message with the private key (15,3) what is the plaintext sent?
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- A symmetric block encryption algorithm is shown below. 16-bit blocks of plaintext P are encrypted using a 32-bit key. Encryption is defined as: C = (P EX_OR Ko) + K1 C is the ciphertext, K is the secret key, Ko is the leftmost 16 bits of K, K1 is the rightmost 16 bits of K, EX_OR is bitwise exclusive OR, and + is binary addition. a. The ciphertext C must be the same size as the plaintext P, that is, it must not be larger than 16 bits. How can this be achieved? b. Show the decryption equation. How will the encrypted message be decrypted?] You receive a message that was encrypted using the RSA system with public key (43, 143), where 43 is the public exponent. A message encrypted using this cryptosystem was captured by an enemy and consisted of the following numbers: 6 82 132 115. Can you decipher what was the original message? (Hint: As a first step, you need to find p and q.)In an RSA system, the public key (n,e) of a given user is (323, 11). 1. What is the value of the exponent in the private key (n, d), of this user? 2. Suppose you want to send this user the message m = 45, write down the expression to generate the ciphertext for this message. 3. Suppose that your ciphertext, c, is 5, write down the expression to generate the plaintext matching this ciphertext. 4. Can you encrypt the message m=322 with this public key? O a. Yes O b. No
- Suppose the parameters for an instance of the RSA cryptosystem are N = 26671, e = 3, and d 17563. = Decrypt the message y Decrypt the message y = 6666. = 1576.Suppose that Alice and Bob communicate using ElGamal cipher and f (p. 9. Z) is common public values. Bob generates his private key d ER Z and then computes the corresponding and public public key y=g" (mod p). To save time, Bob uses the same number r each time he encrypts a plaintext message m (ie., r is a fixed nonce of Bob, and it is not randomly generated each time encryption is performed). Assume that Alice compute the ciphertext for the message m as (cc) = (g mod p, mxy mod p). and for the message m as (1,2)=(g" mod p, xy' mod p). Show how an adversary who possesses a plaintext-ciphertext pair (m. (c.ca)) can decrypt (1, 2) without knowing the private key d of Bob.RSA (Rivest–Shamir–Adleman) and AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) are two different types of ciphers. You are now given two large primes, p and q, a cryptographic hash function H(x).a) DESCRIBE the RSA algorithm. In your description, you should make clear how RSA keys are generated, how a message is encrypted and how a cipher text is decrypted.
- Data Encryptions and Cryptography Suppose Conny and Shelby apply ElGamal scheme with a common prime q = 71 and a primitive root a = 7. If Conny has public key Yp = 3 and Shelby choose the random integer k = 2, what is the ciphertext of M = 30? If Shelby now chooses a different value of k so that the encoding of M = 30 is C = (59, C2), what is the integer C2 ?The function f(R, K) = P(S(E(R XOR K)) of the DES cryptographic protocol manipulates different sizes of bit-strings. The bit-string sizes of P-SEK in this order are: 32-48-48-32 32-32-48 48 48-48-32-32 64-32-32 48 64 48 32-64 SAVEThe key to cracking a substitution cipher was first discovered by Arab scholars in the ninth century, but it was not widely known in the West until the fifteenth century. Once frequency analysis of ciphers became widespread, the plain substitution cipher became useless. To fix the problems in the substitution cipher, Blaise de Vigenère invented the strategy of using multiple letter mappings. Rather than using one key for the whole message, Vigenère’s idea was to use a different key for each letter of the message. Using a different key for each letter makes the frequency analysis much more difficult. The key to the Vigenère cipher is the Vigenère square. The rows shown here are simple rotations of the alphabet. Each row in the table shifts the letters of the alphabet one place to the left. When a letter shifts out of the first . The idea is to have the message we want to encode: secretmessage Alongside a word we will use to encrypt: encryptencrypt Plaint text s e c r…
- Bob's public key is (55,3). Alice wants to send Bob the "message" 6. What is the cyphertext (encrypted version) of her message in the RSA cryptosystem? (Show the arithmetic, and you can use a calculator.)A block cipher has block length 3. When the key is k, the results of encrypting a block with this cipher are given in the table below: m E(m, k) m E(m, k) 000 011 100 101 001 111 101 110 010 001 110 010 011 000 111 100 (i) Decrypt the ciphertext 010011011 given that it was created by using this block cipher in CBC mode, with key k and IV 111. (ii) Decrypt the ciphertext 010011011 given that it was created by using this block cipher in ECB mode, with key k. (iii) Decrypt the ciphertext 010011011 given that it was created by using this block cipher in CTR mode, with key k and initial counter value 100.Answer ALL questions. The ciphertext message below was encrypted using affine transformation C = P + k(mod 26),0 ≤ C ≤ 25. YFXMP CESPZC JTDBF PPYZQX LESPX LETND a) By completing the following table, find the most frequently occurring letter in the ciphertext. Letter Number of Occurrence Question (b) is based on the information in tables below and answer in Question (a). A B C 1 2 3 Numerical 0 equivalent Frequency 7 (in %) Letter Numenical equivalent Frequency 8 (in %) N 13 ABCD E FGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 1 0 14 7 P 15 3 D 4 Q 16 <1 E 13 13 R 17 8 F 5 3 S 18 6 G 2 T 19 9 H L 3 U 20 3 8 V 21 1 JK 9 <1 W 22 10 <1 LM <1 11 4 X Y 23 24 2 12 3 Z 25 <1 The tables show that the most frequently occurring letters in English text are E, T, N, R, I, O and A, with E occurring substantially more than the other letters. b) Determine what is the letter that represents C and P in affine transformation C = P + k(mod 26),0 ≤ C≤ 25. Then, show that the value of k = 11(mod 26). c) What is the plaintext…