Describe the simple protocol for classical cryptographic key exchange. Assume Alice and Bob want to communicate, and Cathy is the trusted third party.
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- Consider an RSA key set for Alice with p = 23, q = 17, n = 391 and e = 15.a) Her public key is (e, n) = (15, 391). Is her private key (d, n) = (47, 391)? Justffy your answer. b) Suppose Bob wants to encrypt a message 90 for Alice using RSA keys for confidenVality. Whatis the corresponding cipher text?Justify your answer.Alice and Bob are using the EIGamal cipher with the parameters p = 53 and a = 2. Alice makes the mistake of using the same ephemeral key for two plaintexts, x1 and x2. The eavesdropper Eve suspects that x1 = 5. She sees the two ciphertexts y1 = 41 and y2 = 47 in transit; these are the encryptions of x1 and a2, respectively. a) What is the masking key kM? b) What is the plaintext x2?Alice and Bob are using the ElIGamal cipher with the parameters p = 53 and a = 2. Alice makes the mistake of using the same ephemeral key for two plaintexts, x1 and x2. The eavesdropper Eve suspects that x = 5. She sees the two ciphertexts y1 = 41 and y2 = 47 in transit; these are the encryptions of x1 and a2, respectively. a) What is the masking key kM? b) What is the plaintext x2?
- Alice and Bod have decided to use a symmetric encryption algorithm. They have some assumptions about their messages:- Messages only contain capital letters (i.e. A to Z)- The length of their shared key must be greater than or equal to the length of the plaintext- They assign each letter a number as follows: (A,0), (B,1), (C,2), (D,3),…, (Z,25)Their algorithm combines the key and the message using modular addition. The numerical values of corresponding message and key letters are added together, modulo 26. For example, if the plain text is “HELLO” and the key is “SECRET” then the encrypted message is calculated as following:Since the length of the plaintext is 5, we just need the first 5 letters of the key (i.e. “SECRE”), then for each letter, we should add corresponding letters in both the plaintext and the key modulo 26.Plaintext: H (7) E (4) L (11) L (11) O (14)Key: S (18) E (4) C (2) R (17) E(4)Cipher: Z (25) I (8) N(13) C(2) S (18) Write a program in Python, C/C++ or JavaScript to…In the public-key authentication protocol of Fig. 8-40 , inmessage 7, is encrypted with . Is this encryptionnecessary, or would it have been adequate to send it back inplaintext? Explain your answer.Analyze the public key cryptography named RSA in which you have to choose p=3 and q=7 and encode the word “CSEDAY”. Finally, you have to apply the decryption algorithm to the encrypted version to recover the original plain text message.
- Suppose that Alice and Bob communicate using ElGamal cipher and f (p. 9. Z) is common public values. Bob generates his private key d ER Z and then computes the corresponding and public public key y=g" (mod p). To save time, Bob uses the same number r each time he encrypts a plaintext message m (ie., r is a fixed nonce of Bob, and it is not randomly generated each time encryption is performed). Assume that Alice compute the ciphertext for the message m as (cc) = (g mod p, mxy mod p). and for the message m as (1,2)=(g" mod p, xy' mod p). Show how an adversary who possesses a plaintext-ciphertext pair (m. (c.ca)) can decrypt (1, 2) without knowing the private key d of Bob.Alice and Bod have decided to use a symmetric encryption algorithm. They have someassumptions about their messages:- Messages only contain capital letters (i.e. A to Z)- The length of their shared key must be greater than or equal to the length of the plaintext- They assign each letter a number as follows: (A,0), (B,1), (C,2), (D,3),…, (Z,25)Their algorithm combines the key and the message using modular addition. The numerical valuesof corresponding message and key letters are added together, modulo 26. For example, if the plaintext is “HELLO” and the key is “SECRET” then the encrypted message is calculated as following:Since the length of the plaintext is 5, we just need the first 5 letters of the key (i.e. “SECRE”), thenfor each letter, we should add corresponding letters in both the plaintext and the key modulo 26.Plaintext: H (7) E (4) L (11) L (11) O (14)Key: S (18) E (4) C (2) R (17) E(4)Cipher: Z (25) I (8) N(13) C(2) S (18) a) Write a program in Python, C/C++ or JavaScript to…A government organization decides that in order to protect the communications it has with its international partners, encryption is necessary. In a discussion with its equivalents, it is decided to develop a proprietary cryptographic algorithm for the following reasons: Is this decision supported by any evidence. What dangers are being exposed?
- Let the encryption keyword of a monoalphabetic cipher be ROME. (a) Show the encryption key in the table form. (b) Show the decryption key in the table form. (c) Obtain ciphertext for the following message sentence: Rome wasn’t built in a day.Alice and Bob are using the EIGamal cipher with the parameters p = 89 and a = 3. Suppose Alice is observed sending public ephemeral key KE 7 and Bob sends public key ß = 44. = Their private keys are i = 81 and d = 28, respectively. a) What is the masking key k? b) What is the encryption of x = 31?Consider an RSA key set for Alice with p = 23, q = 17, n = 391 and e = 15.a) Her public key is (e, n) = (15, 391). Is her private key (d, n) = (47, 391)? JusVfy your answer. b) Suppose Bob wants to encrypt a message 90 for Alice using RSA keys for confidenVality. Whatis the corresponding cipher text?Justify your answer.