Recently, scientists constructed a transgene that expresses a mutant form of Drosophila histone H3 inwhich lysine 27 in the histone tail was changed to methionine (H3K27M). Expression of the H3K27Mtransgene results in aberrant development of fruit fliesbecause of inappropriate expression of many differentgenes. Explain this finding.
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Recently, scientists constructed a transgene that expresses a mutant form of Drosophila histone H3 in
which lysine 27 in the histone tail was changed to methionine (H3K27M). Expression of the H3K27M
transgene results in aberrant development of fruit flies
because of inappropriate expression of many different
genes. Explain this finding.
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- The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene Rb (RB1) codes forthe retinoblastoma protein (pRB). pRB prevents the progression of the cell cycle through G1 if DNA has been damaged. Itdoes so in part because it binds a transcription-activatingdimer referred to as E2F-DP. The pRB-E2F/DP complex recruits a histone deacetylase to chromatin. Explain.Recall that the nuclear membrane disintegrates late in prophase of mitosis in most eukarvotic cells. Once the membrane is reformed in telophase in a daughter cell, several components of gene expression mignt therefore be "caught" out in the cytoplasm when they would otherwise onlv ever be found inside the nucleus. Consider where the following components of gene expression are made and where they runction. Which component is normally never found in the cytoplasm outside the nucleus? O A. Spliced intron • B. RNA polymerase O C. Histones • D. DNA polymeraseThe Wnt planar polarity signaling pathway nor-mally ensures that each wing cell in Drosophila has a sin-gle hair. Overexpression of the Frizzled gene from a heat-shock promoter (hs-Fz) causes multiple hairs to grow frommany cells (Figure Q15–5A). This phenotype is suppressedif hs-Fz is combined with a heterozygous deletion (DshΔ)of the Dishevelled gene (Figure Q15–5B). Do these resultsallow you to order the action of Frizzled and Dishevelledin the signaling pathway? If so, what is the order? Explainyour reasoning
- Which of the following proteins is a combinatorial transcriptional regulator in Drosophila that affects the differentiation of multiple cell types? O the glucocorticoid receptor O MyoD O Ey O Muts O maintenance methyltransferaseLike Hurler syndrome, Fabry disease involves an abnormal accumulationof substances within lysosomes. However, the lysosomesof individuals with Fabry disease show an abnormal accumulationof lipids. The defective enzyme is α-galactosidase A, which is alysosomal enzyme that functions in lipid metabolism. The enzymaticdefect causes cell damage, especially to the kidneys, heart,and eyes. The gene that encodes α-galactosidase A is found on theX chromosome. Let’s suppose a phenotypically unaffected coupleproduces two sons with Fabry disease and one phenotypicallyunaffected daughter. What is the probability that the daughter willhave an affected son?The chromosome 9/22 translocation associated withCML (chronic myelogenous leukemia) is called thePhiladelphia chromosome after the city in which itscancer association was first discovered in 1960.People with CML do not inherit this translocation—it occurs in somatic cells. Why do you think that thisparticular translocation that fuses the bcr and ablgenes happens independently in the somatic cellsof many different people?
- Suppose that in the formation of phenylalanine hydroxylase mRNA, the exons of the pre-mRNA fail to splice together properly and the resulting enzyme is nonfunctional. This produces an accumulation of high levels of phenylalanine and other compounds, which causes neurological damage. What phenotype would be produced in the affected individual?Drosophila geneticists have isolated many mutationsthat modify position-effect variegation. Dominantsuppressors of variegation [Su(var)s] cause less frequent inactivation of genes brought near heterochromatin by chromosome rearrangements, whiledominant enhancers of variegation [E(var)s] causemore frequent inactivation of such genes.a. What effects would each of these two kinds of mutations have on position-effect variegation of thewhite gene in Drosophila (that is, would the eyesbe more red or more white)?b. Assuming that these Su(var) and E(var) mutationsare loss-of-function (null) alleles in the corresponding genes, what kinds of proteins do youthink these genes might encode?A single mutation in one of the transcription factors inProblem 33 results in a drastic reduction in YFG transcription. Diagram what this mutant interaction mightlook like
- I. The retinoic acid receptor (RAR) is a transcription factor that is similar to steroid hormone receptors. Thesubstance (ligand) that binds to this receptor is retinoicacid. One of the genes whose transcription is activatedby retinoic acid binding to the receptor is myoD. Thediagram that follows shows a schematic view of theRAR proteins produced by genes into which one oftwo different 12-base double-stranded oligonucleotides had been inserted in the ORF. The insertion site(a–m) associated with each mutant protein is indicatedwith the appropriate letter on the polypeptide map.For constructs encoding proteins a–e, oligonucleotide 1(5′ TTAATTAATTAA 3′ read off either strand) wasinserted into the RAR gene. For constructs encoding proteins f–m, oligonucleotide 2 (5′ CCGGCCGGCCGG 3′)was inserted into the gene.NH2 f g h i j k l m COOHa b c d eThe wild-type RAR protein can both bind DNA and activate transcription weakly in the absence of retinoic acid(RA) and strongly in RA’s presence. Each…Let’s suppose an X-linked gene in mice exists as two alleles, whichwe will call B and b. X-chromosome inactivation, a process inwhich one X chromosome is turned off, occurs in the somatic cellsof female mammals . Allele B encodes an mRNA that is 900 nucleotides long, whereas allele b contains a small deletion that shortens the mRNA to a length of 825 nucleotides.Draw the expected Northern blot that will be obtained usingmRNA isolated from somatic tissue of the followingmice:Lane 1. mRNA from an XbY male mouseLane 2. mRNA from an XbXb female mouseLane 3. mRNA from an XBXb female mouse.Note: The sample taken from the female mouse is not from aclone of cells. It is from a tissue sample, like the one shown.In addition to Tc1, the C. elegans genome contains otherfamilies of DNA transposons such as Tc2, Tc3, Tc4, andTc5. Like Tc1, their transposition is repressed in thegerm line but not in somatic cells. Predict the behaviorof these elements in the mutant strains where Tc1 is nolonger repressed due to mutations in the RNAi pathway.Justify your answer.