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- In order for the food to be processed and absorbed in an optimal way, there are several feedback mechanisms. One of the most important starts when the food reaches the small intestine, this is sometimes also called the intestinal phase. Describe what happens if the food that reaches the duodenum contains a lot of fat and a lot of protein Which different signaling pathways (including the signaling substances involved) control the different gastric emptying,hydrochloric sekretion that are affected by the respective stimuli.Identify the original site of these chemical secretions- these should be labeled on the diagram: Pepsin HCL (hydrochloric acid) Sucrase Lactase Maltase Bile Salivary amylase Pancreatic lipase Pancreatic amylase Aminopeptidase Sodium Bicarbonate Trypsin Carboxypeptidase Insulin GlucagonArrange the following statements reagarding the process of protien metabolism starting from 1 to step 10. Conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin by HCl Enters the Kreb Cycle Removal of basic and acidic functional groups Conversion to individual amino acids Glutamate becomes alpha-ketoglutarate Active transport takes place Acidic denaturation and hydrolysis of proteins Mechanical digestion to go to the small intestines Conversion of proteins to simpler polypeptides Shuffling of amino group to generate glutamate
- List the key components of bile. Is bile action similar to the action of lipases? Explain.A patient is brought to the emergency department due to acute pain, nausea, and vomiting. Computed tomography indicates acute pancreatitis that leads to an increased activation of trypsin. Which of the following is most likely activated in this condition? Pancreatic lipase Lysophospholipase Gastric lipase ColipaseExplain why HMG-CoA reductase is the rate-limiting enzyme of cholet rol synthesis. Show the relationship between cholesterol and bile.
- In upper gastrointestinal bleeding, without knowing the cause or source of bleeding, why do we give proton pump inhibitors (PPIS, e.g. omeprazole)? What is the role of these, if the source of bleeding is not peptic or duodenal ulcer?Based on your knowledge and the information from the figure below, how is the acid production during the intestinal phase regulated?| enteric neurons neural refеx HCI acetylcholine intestinal phase stimuli: increased H*, distension, osmolarity, fats in duocienum parletal cell histamine enterogastrones: CCK, secretin, Gİ.P-1, GIP ECL somatostatin cell somatostatin- gastrin releasing cell GcellWhich of the following lipoproteins contain the highest amount of endogenously TGs? O VLDL LDL HDL Chylomicron
- From the physiological perspective, what is the most important constituent of bile? What are its importance? Can you please give at least 5?Arrange the following statements regarding the processes of protein metabolism starting from Step 1 to Step 10 Acidic denaturation and hydrolysis of proteins Enters the Kreb Cycle Mechanical digestion to go to the small intestines Shuffling of amino group to generate glutamate Active transport takes place Removal of basic and acidic functional groups Conversion to individual amino acids Glutamate becomes alpha-ketoglutarate Conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin by HCl Conversion of proteins to simpler polypeptidesArrange (1-15) the following statements based on their order from lipogenesis, lipolysis, beta-oxidation to ketogenesis. Acetoacetic acid is converted to β-hydroxybutyric acid and acetone Acetyl CoA is transported with oxaloacetate to the cytosol as citrate Palmitic acid is separated from the complex Creation of carbonyl group in the β-carbon Fuelling the different tissues, ketone bodies are transported to the blood Glyceraldehyde-3-PO4 is produced from the conversion of glycerol Unsaturation of the α & β-carbons of the FA chain Acetyl CoA is converted to acetoacetic acid Acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate are produced from citrate Hydolysis of the double bond in the FA acid chain Malonyl CoA is produced from CO2 fixation of acetyl CoA Acetyl CoA enters the Krebs Cycle Separation of the two-carbon product from the fatty acyl CoA Malonyl CoA is converted to saturated FA complexed with protein TG is hydrolyzed to FA and glycerol
