Logic and Computation Just use one word to fill in the spaces. In your reply, please use commas. No comma needed. Congestion is costly since it wastes transmission capacity and buffers for every dropped packet.
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Logic and Computation Just use one word to fill in the spaces. In your reply, please use commas. No comma needed. Congestion is costly since it wastes transmission capacity and buffers for every dropped packet.
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- Given that you are to transfer a total datagram of size 28939 bytes over a network that has an MTU of 3038 bytes. The given header size is 38 bytes. (a) Calculate the total number of packets required to send this data. (b) What is the data size of the last packet? (c) What would be the header size of the 8th packet and the offset value of the 4th packet?b) Suppose most of the Internet used some form of geographical addressing, but that a large international organization has a single IP network address and routes its internal traffic over its own links. i. Explain the routing inefficiency for the organization's inbound traffic inherent in this situation. ii. Explain how the organization might solve this problem for outbound traffic. iii. For your method above to work for inbound traffic, what would have to happen?2. Now suppose there are two links between source and destination, with one router connecting the two links. Each link is 5,000 km long. Again suppose the MP3 file is sent as one packet. Suppose there is no congestion, so that the packet is transmitted onto the second link as soon as the router receives the entire packet. What is the end-to-end delay?
- Suppose most of the Internet used some form of addressing, international organization has a single IP network address and routes its internal traffic over its own links. geographical but that a large (a) Explain the routing inefficiency for the organization's inbound traffic inherent in this situation. (b) Explain how the organization might solve this problem for outbound traffic. (c) For your method above to work for inbound traffic, what would have to happen?Question 1: True or False: [ ] Telephone network is an example of Packet Switching network. [ ] It is the network layer’s responsibility to forward packets reliably from the source to the destination [ ] Flow control is required to assure that the source does not overwhelm the destination by sending data faster than they can be processed and absorbed. [ ] The key elements of a Protocol are syntax, semantics, and error control [ ] User Datagram Protocol (UDP) can guarantee data delivery. [ ] Routing decision is always required for every packet of a message at each node in packet switched network. [ ] In OSI model data link layer provides for the reliable transfer of information across the physical link; sends blocks (frames) with the necessary synchronization, error control, and flow control. [ ] The transport layer is responsible for hop-by-hop communication. [ ] Because the boundaries between layer are well defined change in standard in one layer effect already existing…The maximum transmission unit on an Ethernet link is 4500 bytes. This means that the IP packets sent over Ethernet cannot be larger than 4500 bytes including the IP header. Suppose the application layer sends a 6500-byte message. The transport layer uses TCP with no options. The network layer is using IP version 4. Obviously, the IP layer will have to fragment the data. Provide the length of new datagrams (after fragmentation). Provide the Flag and offset of each of the new datagrams.
- Provide short answers to the following: How do you determine whether an IP address is a multicast address? What is the TTL field in the IP header used for? What is the maximum length of options bytes that can be carried in an IPv4 header? Why do we have to multiply the offset field of an IP datagram by eight to obtain the real offset for the first byte of the datagram?Data collision is caused when many senders access the same medium at the same time; which protocol(s) and at what layer(s) are available to handle this problem? Is a transfer without collisions guaranteed by using these protocols? In the event that this is not the case, what other possibilities exist for finding a solution to the issue?1. What is the difference between packet fragmentation (i.e., at network layer) and frame frag- mentation (i.e., at link layer) in terms of purpose? 2. Suppose that host A is connected to a router R1, R1 is connected to another router, R2, and R2 is connected to host B. Suppose that a TCP message that contains 800 bytes of data and 20 bytes of TCP header is passed to the IP function at host A for delivery to B. Show the Total length, DF, MF, and Fragment offset fields of the IP header in each packet transmitted over the three links. (Assume that link A-R1 can support a maximum frame size of 1024 bytes including a 14-byte frame header, link R1-R2 can support a maximum frame size of 512 bytes, including an 8-byte frame header, and link R2-B can support a maximum frame size of 432 bytes including a 12-byte frame header.) (*hint: the Fragment offset field is denominated by 8-bytes, not bytes) 3. What is the purpose of the path MTU discovery process (see textbook Figure 5-42) and why does…
- Question 1: True or False: [ F ] Telephone network is an example of Packet Switching network. [ F ] It is the network layer’s responsibility to forward packets reliably from the source to the destination [. T ] Flow control is required to assure that the source does not overwhelm the destination by sending data faster than they can be processed and absorbed. [ ] The key elements of a Protocol are syntax, semantics, and error control [ ] User Datagram Protocol (UDP) can guarantee data delivery. [ ] Routing decision is always required for every packet of a message at each node in packet switched network. [ ] In OSI model data link layer provides for the reliable transfer of information across the physical link; sends blocks (frames) with the necessary synchronization, error control, and flow control. [ ] The transport layer is responsible for hop-by-hop communication. [ ] Because the boundaries between layer are well defined change in standard in one layer effect already existing…A single link has the capacity to transmit multiple packets simultaneously between two hosts. Kindly provide a schedule delineating the various activities that are requisite for the fulfilment of a single consignment. Is there a prevailing belief that one delay is characterised by a predetermined duration, whereas the duration of the other delay is subject to modification as required?Data collision occurs when multiple senders simultaneously attempt to access the communication medium. Various protocols have been developed to mitigate this issue. These protocols operate at different layers of the network stack. Could you please provide more specific information about the protocols you are interested in? Do these methods ensure reliable gearbox without any possibility of collisions? What alternative solutions are available if this approach proves ineffective?