Introduction: There’s quite a bit of interest around repurposing extant drugs to treat infections by targeting host pathways that pathogens rely on. Here are a few potential drugs: 1) A drug that inhibits endocytosis, but not phagocytosis. 2) A drug that inhibits degradation of cytoplasmic proteins into smaller peptides, preventing their cycling back into amino acids. 3) A drug used to treat porphyria that reduces the reactivity of heme. 4) A drug that depletes glutathione, a chemical which protects red blood cells against the reactivity of heme. 5) A drug that reduces expression of the ACE-2 protein.   Question: Pick a drug and an infection that the drug is likely to be good at treating, or pick an infection and a drug that would most likely make the infection substantially worse. Which drug and pathogen did you pick? Do you think it’ll make it better or worse?

Q: The five stages of the bacteriophage lytic cycle occur in this order:a. penetration, attachment,…

A: A virus is a submicroscopic organism which contains genetic information either in the form of DNA…

Q: Viruses are considered non-living microbes, and yet they are responsible for many major disease…

A: Viruses are non - living organisms, they do not have their own metabolism. They reproduce using the…

Q: What are drug resistant pathogens? What are three different molecular mechanisms an organism might…

A: Drug resistance pathogens are the pathogens or microbes which have resistance to antibody or drug,…

Q: Phagocytosis:  Multiple Choice   is the ingestion of particles and may be performed by animal…

A: phagocytosis is a critical component of the immune or inflammatory response in defending the…

Q: is able to bind to and cut off the 5' cap of the coronavirus RNA genome once it enters the host…

A: Coronavirus is RNA virus. In order to establish an infection every virus should find the susceptible…

Q: In terms of microbial pathogenicity, molecular Koch's postulates are a set of experimental criteria…

A: Koch's postulates are four criteria that were designed to establish the causal relationship between…

Q: The question below is one question I just separated the question marks 1) How are antibiotics, as a…

A: Antibiotics are those substances that kill or prevent the growth of bacteria. Antibiotics can be of…

Q: The presence of non-self molecular patterns in different structures or regions of bacteral cell…

A: Pathogens  They are the harmful organisms which produces abnormalities in the other organism like…

Q: Discuss recent advances using cyclodextrins and other macromolecular hosts to improve solubility of…

A: Any medication and or the drug is formed by the combined effect of both the active as well as…

Q: list 3 targets of antibiotics that are unique to bacterial cells & explain what they do in bacteria…

A: Antibiotics impact negatively the bacterial cell's vital processes and structures. The bacterium is…

Q: A. What are the 4 “Koch’s Postulates”?   B. Are they still valid today? How would we use them to…

A: Robert Koch was a German physician and microbiologist. He was discoverer of the specific causative…

Q: what are two broad classifications of antibiotics in terms of their ability to kill or inhibit?

A: Antibiotics are antimicrobial substances that are effective against bacteria. Antibiotic medications…

Q: How does the wavelength of light relate to its energy? What are the two main types of viral…

A: The sun is the ultimate source of energy. Sunlight consist of many waves of lights having different…

Q: Give two reasons why bacteria are becoming more and more resistant to antibiotics.

A: Antibiotics are the drugs used to treat bacterial infections and they are produced by certain fungal…

Q: 41. How will a new vaccine be considered as effective to fight future pathogen invasion? Group of…

A: The vaccine is a mixture of antigens to induce artificial active immunity. Vaccinations are…

Q: What are the advantages and disadvantages of drug delivery systems that are based on bacterial or…

A: A drug delivery system is a special form of drug delivery system where the medicament is selectively…

Q: Which statement among A-D is false regarding bacterial toxins? A) O Hemolysins are cell membrane…

A: Toxins refer to poisonous substances that include a class of small molecules and proteins, which are…

Q: We have many antimicrobial drugs to treat bacterial infections, but very few for viruses.  Why is it…

A: Viruses pose sizable demanding situations to the body's immune device as they lurk inside cells,…

Q: cell infected with lambda bacteriophage can follow one of two pathways: the lytic or lysogenic…

A: The Cro protein in bacteriophage lambda is a repressor of the genes expressed early in phage…

Q: COVID?

A:

Q: Intense fever, shock, and other symptoms occur in some gram-positive bacterial infections due to:…

A: Gram-positive bacteria are characterized by their thick walls of peptidoglycan. They stain red or…

Q: Can you compare and contrast the infection process of influenza and HIV? What are the specific…

A: Virus can be referred to as a genetic material enveloped by a protein coat that can infect and…

Q: What part of a eukaryotic cell could be affected by antibiotics that target ribosomes and why?

A: Majority of antibiotics that block bacterial protein synthesis interfere with the processes and…

Q: Acyclovir can be used to treated virus-infected cells. Explain how?

A: Acyclovir is an antiviral medication which  is primarily used for the treatment of viral disesases…

Q: In what ways can you use aseptic technique principles in your daily life to preserve a healthy…

A: According to the question we have to explain the ways by which we can use aseptic technique…

Q: Discuss why it is important for us to conduct research at the basic level of physiology in order to…

A: Introduction Mycobacterium is a bacterial species responsible for causing tuberculosis and leprosy…

Q: Write a 200-300-word reflective essay on the emerging case of Antibiotic Resistance and what is your…

A: Introduction :- Antibiotics, also called antibacterials, are drugs that kill or slow the growth of…

Q: What is meant by ‘broad spectrum antibiotics’?

A: Antibiotics are also called antibacterial and are the medications that slow or destroy bacterial…

Q: The man pictured below wears several dozen ornaments in his skin, most of them applied by piercing.…

A: A piercing is the creation of an opening in a part of the body for the insertion of jewelry.

Q: Provide a brief explanation on the idea of genetic engineering in formulating an antiviral from a…

A: Genetic engineering is a type of biotechnological technique that is used to manipulate the organisms…

Q: What is the underlying molecular mechanism of action for the antibiotic novobiocin?

A: Novobiocin is an antibiotic that is obtained from Streptomyces niveus. It is also called cathomycin…

Q: A patient is admitted to the hospital with a viral infection and is immediately treated with…

A: A viral infection is the proliferation of a harmful virus within the body of the organism. Symptoms…

Q: briefly describes an example of how a unique cell structure of a microbe could be a target for…

A: Antibiotics are antimicrobial medicines derived from other organisms (such as moulds, fungi, and…

Q: . In order for a phage to infect the host bacterium, it is preferred that the cell wall is newly…

A: In order for a phage to infect the host bacterium, it is preferred that the cell wall is newly…

Q: In relation to immunotechnology, answer the following:Give ONE main difference between: Murine MABs…

A: MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY Monoclonal antibodies (MABs) are antigen-recognizing glycoproteins that are made…

Q: Bacterial species that are harmful, as well as others that are beneficial, are found living in the…

A: Antibiotic sensitivity testing or antibiotic susceptibility testing is the measurement of the…

Q: When using combination antibiotic therapy, it is important to administer drugs that work…

A: Antibiotic synergism It is the combination of antibiotics to enhance the activity in which two or…

Q: The development of antiviral therapies offers unique challenges. Describe why many existing…

A: Various side effects of Anti Viral Therapies include: - Headache Insomnia Cough Dry Motuh Diarrhea…

Q: Viruses are considered non-living microbes, and yet they are responsible for many major disease…

A: Viruses are non-living organism which can survive in harsh environment they can survive in…

Q: What is antisense technology?

A: With the help of various techniques of biotechnology, many organisms are modified in terms of their…

Q: How do interleukins exert its therapeutic benefits inside the body By inhibiting tumor growth and…

A: Correct answer is B  Because interleukin stimulation the immune response and increase the number of…

Q: What do you mean by terms, atrophy, bioassay and organ enlargement? Try to find probable…

A: Atrophy : Decrease in size and weight of an organ or a tissue -(literal meaning absence of growth)…

Q: Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of the antibiotic streptomycin? A. it…

A: Antibiotics are chemical compounds that can be used against the bacterial infection in people and…

Q: Please describe the defense role of RNAs in eubacteria and archaea by explaining how mechanistically…

A: Non-coding RNAs are central members in numerous cell measures inside organic entities from each of…

Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.