Insulin secretion is essential in metabolism. What type ofmolecule is insulin? What structure secretes it? What factorscontrol its secretion? What is/are its target tissue(s)? Whateffect(s) does it exert?
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Insulin secretion is essential in
molecule is insulin? What structure secretes it? What factors
control its secretion? What is/are its target tissue(s)? What
effect(s) does it exert?
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- (human physiology) 1) Match the insulin types (1-3) with the plots (A-C)? Explain? 2) Oral administration (e.g. in the form of pills) of insulin and subcutaneous administration, which is more effective? Why? 3) Why are elderly, sedentary, obese and regular smokers at high risk of diabetes?Many diabetics do not respond to insulin because of a deficiency of insulin receptors on their cells. How does this aff ect (a) the levels of circulating glucose immediately after a meal and (b) the rate of glycogen synthesis in muscle?Explain what biochemical pathway/metabolic processes are affected in insulin resistance? How does this affect glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis.
- Bodybuilders have been known to inject insulin to increase muscle mass because it stimulates protein anabolism. What is one of the risks associated with this practice in terms of K+ levels: elevated blood plasma K+ (hyperkalemia) or decreased blood plasma K+ (hypokalemia)? Could the practice of injecting insulin to increase muscle mass be fatal?What happens to the insulin-secreting capacity of a type 2 diabetic placed on insulin therapy earlier than recommended? Can the external supply of insulin improve the functional capacity of the insulin-secreting cells, to some extent by providing some rest to these cells? Is inhaled insulin a suitable substitute for injectable insulin? Is there, or will there soon be, insulin in the form of a tablet?Compare and contrast formulation of long acting insulin and short acting insulin. How do their properties help control the rate at which the Delivered insulin enters bloodstream?
- In the indicated tissues, how will each process or the activity of each enzyme below be affected by the signal sent upon Glucagon secretion? Use an up (t) or down (1) arrow or NC (no change). (Hint: Decide what pathways will be up-regulated first, then look at the enzymes below!) + Triacylglygerol Lipase (Adipocytes) Phosphofructokinase-2 (Liver) Insulin secretion (Pancreas) Pyruvate Kinase (Muscle) Glycogen Phosphorylase (Liver) Phosphofructokinase-1 (Liver) Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1 (Liver) Fatty Acid Biosynthesis (Liver) PEP Carboxxkinase (Liver) Phosphorylation of Perilipins (Adipocytes) Adenylate Cyclase (Liver) Glycogen Synthase (Liver) Acetyl CoA Carboxylase Hexokinase II (Muscle)Does insulin stimulate receptors in the liver? True or false. Explain.What are the targetorgans upon which insulin andglucagon act?
- Given insulin's structure, where is its target likely located? Insulin's adverse side effects include headache, nau- sea, hunger, confusion and weakness. What can these symptoms be attributed to? Insulin has major effects on muscle and adipose tissue. It increases the rate of glucose transport across the cell membrane, decreases the rate of lipolysis, and increases uptake of triglycerides and some amino acids from the blood. In doing so, what metabolic processes does it favor? Carbohydrates: Lipids: Proteins:What types of normal cells typicallyhave insulin receptors?Why would a cause of hyperinsulinism be hypoglycemia? Don’t lower levels of blood glucose inhibit of insulin rather than produce large amounts of it to result in hyperinsulinism?