How does the phosphorylation of glucose within cells contribute to homeostasis?" Describe the location, enzyme kinetics and regulation of both hexokinase and glucokinase in this problem.
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How does the phosphorylation of glucose within cells contribute to homeostasis?" Describe the location, enzyme kinetics and regulation of both hexokinase and glucokinase in this problem. Include the whole point of glucose phosphorylation.
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- For each of the following situations, predict the major consequences for glycogen metabolism. Explain your logic in a few sentences. Consider the effect on both glycogen degradation and glycogen synthesis where relevant. Will the amount of glycogen be higher or lower than normal? Mutation of S116C in phosphoglucomutase. (This notation means the following: S116 is the normal amino acid in this enzyme. It has been mutated to 116C.) Loss of the gene for GSK3. Effect of the coenzyme analog below. (Hint: how does the normal coenzyme operate and why can’t this analog react in the same way?)Von Gierke’s disease is also known as glycogen storage disease type I. Patients with von Gierke’s disease lackglucose 6-phosphatase activity. Two prominent symptoms of this disorder are fasting hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis (elevated lactate levels in the blood), especially during strenuous exercise. Explain why these symptoms occur. What chemical reaction does this enzyme catalyze? Which pathways involve this enzyme? Lacking thisthe enzyme will cause impairment of which pathways?• Pls consider what pathways are affected by Von Gierke’s disease. Include in your explanation involving Cori’s cycle. can you please do not write by your hand? I mean computer if you can. thank youVon Gierke’s disease is also known as glycogen storage disease type I. Patients with von Gierke’s disease lackglucose 6-phosphatase activity. Two prominent symptoms of this disorder are fasting hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis (elevated lactate levels in the blood), especially during strenuous exercise. Explain why these symptoms occur. What chemical reaction does this enzyme catalyze? Which pathways involve this enzyme? Lacking thisenzyme will cause impairment of which pathways?• Pls consider what pathways are affected by Von Gierke’s disease. Include in your explanation involving the Cori’s cycle.
- During periods of intense physical exercise, the demand for ATP in muscle tissue increases dramatically. L-lactic acid fermentation accounts for almost all of the ATP production in rabbit leg muscle and turkey flight muscle, respectively. A pair of processes, phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase, are involved in the formation of ATP during the payout phase of glycolysis. Assume that the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase is absent from skeletal muscle. Could it withstand rigorous physical activity, that is, could it create large amounts of ATP at a rapid pace via the process of glycolysis? Explain.If glucokinase has a higher Km for glucose than does hexokinase, but can only bind to D-glucose, while hexokinase can bind to several hexose sugars (like D-glucose, D-mannose, and D-fructose), then: glucokinase has both a higher affinity and a higher specificity for D-glucose than does hexokinase glucokinase has both a lower affinity and a lower specificity for D-glucose than does hexokinase glucokinase has a higher affinity but a lower specificity for D-glucose than does hexokinase glucokinase has a lower affinity but a higher specificity for D-glucose than does hexokinase all of the abovec) Cooperation between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis is important to ensure the glucose-subjected energy demands of specific cells are met. Explain this statement.
- A common procedure for determining the effectiveness of compounds as precursors of glucose in mammals is to starve the animal until the liverglycogen stores are depleted and then administer the compound in question. A substrate that leads to a net increase in liver glycogen is termed glucogenic, because it must first be converted to glucose 6-phosphate. Show by means of known enzymatic reactions which of the following substances are glucogenic.Design a radiotracer experiment that would allow you to determine which proportion of glucose catabolism in a given tissue prepara- tion occurs through the pentose phosphate pathway and which pro- portion through glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. Assume that you can synthesize glucose labeled with 1"C in any desired position or combination of positions. Assume also that you can trap CO, after administration of labeled glucose and determine its radioactivity.The overall reactions for gluconeogenesis and glycolysis are given below. What is the energy cost (in ATP equivalents) of transforming one molecule of glucose to pyruvate (via glycolysis) and back to glucose (via gluconeogenesis)? Gluconeogenesis: 2 pyruvate + 4 ATP + 2 GTP + 2NADH + 4H₂O Glycolysis: Glucose + 2ADP + 2P₁ + 2NAD+ - 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H+ + 2H₂000 Select one: O a. 2 ATP O b. 4 ATP O c. 6 ATP O d. 8 ATP Prev Page glucose + 4ADP + 2GDP + 2P₁ + 2NAD+ + 2H+ MI 21 22 00:508D DAD 1=1 SE 30: DONDOK 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Report question issue B Next Page G
- Why does the lack of glucose 6-phosphatase activity in the brain and muscle make good physiological sense? Glucose 6-phosphatase allows cells to trap glucose in the cell; however, these tissues primarily rely on noncarbohydrate energy sources. Glucose 6-phosphatase allows cells to generate glucose through gluconeogenesis; however, gluconeogenesis only takes place in the liver. Glucose 6-phosphatase allows cells to release glucose into the blood; however, these tissues should never release glucose. Glucose 6-phosphatase provides glucose 6-phosphate for glycogen synthesis; however, these tissues do not need glycogen.The glycolytic pathway is regulated by a number of key enzymes. Describe the various substrates and hormones that act on these enzymatic steps and the type of regulation (e.g. allosteric etc.).In McArdle's disease, a type of glycogen storage disease, there is a total deficiency of muscle glycogen phosphorylase. An individual with such disease is not able to exercise strenuously and experiences muscle cramps. Exercise leads to higher than normal levels of cellular ADP and Pi. Besides, lactic acid does not accumulate, as in the case of a normal individual. Explain the chemical imbalances shown in McArdle's discase.