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Fig. 5. Flow diagram for two interacting positive-feedback mechanisms that can drive Vm and Ca2+ oscillations during EADs. The red inner cycle represents the well-established Vm oscillator, wherein an increase in dv/dt (caused by a relative increase in depolarizing currents compared to repola- rizing currents, e.g., text in orange box at Lower Right) leads to voltage- dependent reactivation of Ica which in turn causes further depolarization. The blue outer cycle represents the stochastic LCS-mediated Ca²+ oscillator mechanism for EAD initiation. Reduced early Ca²+ release and/or increased SR load increases LCS production, and the resulting increase in inward INCX tends to depolarize the membrane which then feeds onto Ica to trigger additional LCS. Green arrows indicate possible factors contributing to EAD initiation. B-AR, beta-adrenoreceptor.

Fig. 5. Flow diagram for two interacting positive-feedback mechanisms that can drive Vm and Ca2+ oscillations during EADs. The red inner cycle represents the well-established Vm oscillator, wherein an increase in dv/dt (caused by a relative increase in depolarizing currents compared to repola- rizing currents, e.g., text in orange box at Lower Right) leads to voltage- dependent reactivation of Ica which in turn causes further depolarization. The blue outer cycle represents the stochastic LCS-mediated Ca²+ oscillator mechanism for EAD initiation. Reduced early Ca²+ release and/or increased SR load increases LCS production, and the resulting increase in inward INCX tends to depolarize the membrane which then feeds onto Ica to trigger additional LCS. Green arrows indicate possible factors contributing to EAD initiation. B-AR, beta-adrenoreceptor.

Introductory Circuit Analysis (13th Edition)
Introductory Circuit Analysis (13th Edition)
13th Edition
ISBN:9780133923605
Author:Robert L. Boylestad
Publisher:Robert L. Boylestad
Chapter1: Introduction
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1P: Visit your local library (at school or home) and describe the extent to which it provides literature...
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Use the information in this diagram to make your original simpler diagram.
Early Ca²+ release Potential causes: t-tubule loss reduced AP notch B-AR desensitization SERCA activity RyR desensitization Ca²+ oscillator (SR load dependent) LCS Inward INCX Ica Vm oscillator dv dt Increasing SR load: 16-AR activation LTCC activity Stimulus rate ↑intracellular Na Repol. reserve Potential causes: K* current density Late Nat currents Ice reactivation Inward luck Fig. 5. Flow diagram for two interacting positive-feedback mechanisms that can drive Vm and Ca²+ oscillations during EADs. The red inner cycle represents the well-established Vm oscillator, wherein an increase in dv/dt (caused by a relative increase in depolarizing currents compared to repola- rizing currents, e.g., text in orange box at Lower Right) leads to voltage- dependent reactivation of Ica which in turn causes further depolarization. The blue outer cycle represents the stochastic LCS-mediated Ca²+ oscillator mechanism for EAD initiation. Reduced early Ca²+ release and/or increased SR load increases LCS production, and the resulting increase in inward INCX tends to depolarize the membrane which then feeds onto Ica to trigger additional LCS. Green arrows indicate possible factors contributing to EAD initiation. P-AR, beta-adrenoreceptor.
Transcribed Image Text:Early Ca²+ release Potential causes: t-tubule loss reduced AP notch B-AR desensitization SERCA activity RyR desensitization Ca²+ oscillator (SR load dependent) LCS Inward INCX Ica Vm oscillator dv dt Increasing SR load: 16-AR activation LTCC activity Stimulus rate ↑intracellular Na Repol. reserve Potential causes: K* current density Late Nat currents Ice reactivation Inward luck Fig. 5. Flow diagram for two interacting positive-feedback mechanisms that can drive Vm and Ca²+ oscillations during EADs. The red inner cycle represents the well-established Vm oscillator, wherein an increase in dv/dt (caused by a relative increase in depolarizing currents compared to repola- rizing currents, e.g., text in orange box at Lower Right) leads to voltage- dependent reactivation of Ica which in turn causes further depolarization. The blue outer cycle represents the stochastic LCS-mediated Ca²+ oscillator mechanism for EAD initiation. Reduced early Ca²+ release and/or increased SR load increases LCS production, and the resulting increase in inward INCX tends to depolarize the membrane which then feeds onto Ica to trigger additional LCS. Green arrows indicate possible factors contributing to EAD initiation. P-AR, beta-adrenoreceptor.
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