Explain the mechanism of Warburg effect and how it benefits cancer cells
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- 1.create a Graphical Abstract to summarise the role of ALP in cancer?With image1.create a Graphical Abstract to summarise the role of ALP in cancer? With imag4) Some natural products are too toxic to be useful as a drug but have nonetheless been developed into effective chemotherapeutics by attaching them to moleculeş that target cancer cells. What molecules are they attached to?
- 1. Brief introduction which introduces ALP as a diagnostic tool in cancer and create Graphical Abstract to summarise the role of ALP in cancer?Explain the mechanism of Warburg effect and how it benefits cancer cells? With this guide34. List and describe common manifestations of cancer? a) Local effects of tumors b) Systemic effects of malignant tumors.
- 1. (a) Define placebo (b) Suppose there is a new drug targeting a type of cancer and the clinical trials are to be done with cancer patients, outline and explain the potential set-up of the evaluation for effect of the new drug. (Hint: The set-up should not jeopardize the patients receiving a placebo.)Outline the steps that lead to a cell becoming cancerous.4. Discuss the mechanisms of action and clinical uses of one anti-cancer cytotoxic agent that is targeted to a specific stage in the cell cycle, and another agent whose actions are independent of the cell-cycle.
- Our government has finite funds to devote to cancer research.Discuss which of the following areas of research you think shouldreceive the most funding.A. Identifying and characterizing oncogenes and tumorsuppressorgenesB. Identifying agents in our environment that cause cancerC. Identifying viruses that cause cancer D. Devising methods aimed at killing cancer cells in the bodyE. Informing the public of the risks involved in exposure tocarcinogensIn the long run, in which of these areas would you expect successfulresearch to be the most effective in decreasing human mortalitydue to cancer?27. In the context of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) therapy for leukemia, which statement about thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) levels is correct? A) High TPMT levels are associated with increased sensitivity to 6-MP and higher risk of adverse reactions. B) Low TPMT levels are associated with increased sensitivity to 6-MP and higher risk of adverse reactions C) High TPMT levels result in reduced metabolism of 6-MP, leading to decreased therapeutic efficacy D) Low TPMT levels result in increased metabolism of 6-MP, leading to excessive drug accumulation and toxicity.34. Explain the mechanism of action of tamoxifen in the treatment of breast cancer.