Each of the following statements is false. Correct each statement to make it true. a. Activation of rhodopsin depolarizes photoreceptors. b. Activated rhodopsin activates transducin which deactivates cGMP phosphodiesterase. c. Cyclic GMP binds sodium channels, keeping them open, leading to the depolarization of photoreceptor in light.
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Each of the following statements is false. Correct each statement to make it true.
a. Activation of rhodopsin depolarizes photoreceptors.
b. Activated rhodopsin activates transducin which deactivates
cGMP phosphodiesterase.
c. Cyclic GMP binds sodium channels, keeping them open,
leading to the depolarization of photoreceptor in light.
Step by step
Solved in 3 steps
- Help me pleaseBased on the attached figure (Figure 9.8 in the textbook), what is the actual membrane mechanism mediating the light-induced hyperpolarization of a photoreceptor? (A) Dark Rod outer segment CGMP 0 CGMP CGMP CGMP K+ Rod inner segment Inside Obelecendra EX Ca²+ Na+ Outside Na+ influx, K+ efflux: Depolarization (B) Light Rod outer segment LIELITI CGMP reduced Rod inner segment Ca2+ Na Inside Outside Reduced Na+ influx, K* efflux: HyperpolarizationWhen light hits the center of an ON-center receptive field, which of the following processes occur: a. Photoreceptors release more glutamate; bipolar cells release more glutamate; retinal ganglion cells decrease rate of APs. b. Photoreceptors release less glutamate; bipolar cells release less glutamate; retinal ganglion cells decrease rate of APs. c. Photoreceptors release less glutamate; bipolar cells release more glutamate; retinal ganglion cells increase rate of APs. d. Photoreceptors release more glutamate; bipolar cells release more glutamate; ganglion cells increase rate of APs.
- Retinal is therefore a key player that triggers a series of activation in phototransduction (see figure below). Phototransduction in photoreceptor cells Disc membrane 1000000000…………………………. Disc lumen Light Rhodopsin GDP Transducin Photoreceptor cytosol GTP GTP GTP PDE CGMP CGMP inhibition CGMP GMP PDE6i GMP GMP Extracellular environment Plasma membrane 1. Light hits the retinal molecule and changes into an all-trans configuration 2. This change in the retinal conformation activates the rhodopsin photoreceptor 3. The rhodopsin photoreceptor then activates a specific heterotrimeric G protein called transducin. 4. The transducin then activates a downstream protein called PDE. Both PDE and the transducin G protein are attached to the plasma membrane by a lipid anchor. This makes them close to each other and facilitates the activation of PDE by the transducin G protein. The activity of the protein PDE can itself be regulated. It can for example be inhibited by a drug called PDE6i. 7. What…How are Ca2+ channels involved in phototransduction? they cause neurotransmitter release even if no action potentials are produced are not affected by PDE activation in the outer segments when open, they lead to hyperpolarization in photoreceptors in darkness, they do not rely on CGMP levels The density of cones in the retina: is highest where cone outer segments increase in diameter is lowest where retinal blood vessels are absent is drastically less than that of rods in the fovea is indicative of what areas are associated with acuity The recycling of rhodopsin.When you are stalking your friend's social media via a smartphone.a. In your opinion, which receptor organs and cells function to process light stimuli so that they can be transmitted to neurons to become an electrical signal. Explain your answer!b. Describe in detail how the light transduction process pathway to the eye, so that it can see an information from your smartphone!
- Given these events:(1) Bipolar cells depolarize.(2) Glutamate release from presynaptic terminals of photoreceptorcells decreases.(3) Light strikes photoreceptor cells.(4) Photoreceptor cells are depolarized.(5) Photoreceptor cells are hyperpolarized.Choose the arrangement that lists the correct order of events, startingwith the photoreceptor cells in the resting, nonactivated state.a. 1,2,3,4,5 b. 2,4,3,5,1 c. 3,4,2,5,1 d. 4,3,5,2,1 e. 5,3,4,1,2Choose the structure that corresponds to each statement. a. bipolar cell layer e. macula lutea b. central fovea f. optic disc c. cones g. photoreceptor layer d. ganglion cell layer h. rods 1. has the highest density of cones in the retina 2. axons form optic nerve 3. does not contain photoreceptors; blind spot 4. photoreceptor that allows us to see color 5. contains rods and cones 6. the center of the neural portion of the retina 7. photoreceptor used in night vision 8. rods and cones synapse on these cellsMelanopsin, the opsin in ipRGCs, is most sensitive to blue light- the wavelength of light that is emitted by the screens of most electronic devices. Explain how using these screens at night may disrupt your ability to go to sleep.
- Which one of the following statements about photoreception is true? a. Light detection is initiated by the absorbance of light (a photon) by a photopigment molecule. b. Light detection is synonomous with vision. c. Light detection is always initiated in a rod photoreceptor located in the retina. d. Only light in the visible range (between 400 and 700 nm wavelength) can be detected by animals. e. None of the above answer choices (neither A, nor B, nor C, nor D) is true.In the dark, Question options: A the photoreceptor does nothing, therefore the bipolar cells are inhibited. B the photoreceptor depolarizes and releases glutamate onto bipolar cells, stimulating them. C the photoreceptor hyperpolarizes and stops releasing glutamate onto bipolar cells, which in turn stimulate the ganglion cells. D the photoreceptor depolarizes and releases glutamate onto bipolar cells, inhibiting them.4. In the dark... A) cGMP gated channels are closed B) cGMP is high C) The photoreceptor cell is hyperpolarized D) Transducin is active E) The photoreceptor cell is firing action potentials