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- 3. The ATP source for the glucose synthesis from lactate can be the conversion of lactate to pyruvate u subscquent oxidation of it to carbon dioxide and water. How many moles of lactate must be oxidized in the liver to CO, and H,O to provide ATP for the synthesis of I mole of glucose from lactate? For answer: a) depict the diagrams of the lactate oxidation and gluconcogenesis from lactate; b) indicate the reactions produced and consumed ATP; c) name the hormones that regulate gluconeogenesis in the liver, and explain the mechanism hormonal signal transduction.16. Both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are controlled by the level of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate in response to hormones. true or false?5. Reciprocal regulation of glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase activity.
- 1A. Produceadiagramtoillustratethedifferenttypesofmoleculesfoundincells.Briefly describe their properties and functions within the cell. In a separate diagram, describe how carbohydrates, amino acids and triacylglycerides interact metabolically in the generation of energy in the form of ATP.B. Mineralsandvitaminsareimportantnutritionalmoleculesbecausetheyfunctionas cofactors for critical enzymes in living systems. Without them, important biochemical reactions required for growth and tissue repair will not occur. Knowing this, explain the biochemical significance of folate and iron supplementation in pregnant women and women of reproductive age. Consider the effects of folate and iron deficiency as well. 2A. Thevalueofenzymesinlivingsystemsisthatwithoutthem,chemicalreactionsrequired for life to exist would not be possible under physiological conditions. On the basis of this, discuss how enzymes make life possible from a biochemical perspective. Include the following terms in your…1. Explain what is the relationship between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis? 2. What activates glycolysis and inhibits gluconeogenesis? Discuss.1. Scheme of aerobic oxidation of glucose and energy balance.
- 26. Which of the following statements is correct? A. Insulin can activate pyruvate carboxylase B. More energy in the form of ATP is required to synthesize glucose from pyruvate than can be obtained from glucose by glycolysis alone C. Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate is a modulator that can stimulate either glycolysis or gluconeogenesis, depending on cellular glucose concentration D. All of the above1.a. Given what you know about glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, does it make sense that insulin activates PDH phosphatase? Why? b.How do vitamins increase to the breadth of chemical reactions available within a biological system?7. Explain the differences between Glycogenolysis in muscle and liver.
- 4. (a) duced in large part by cells in the liver via a specialized metabolic program called gluconeogenesis. Gluconeogenesis is often incorrectly described as "glycolysis in reverse". Compare and contrast the enzymes and reactions that drive gluconeogenesis and glycolysis. Several mammalian tissues rely on a steady supply of glucose in the bloodstream pro-7. Won Gierke's disease (Type I) is one of the most common glycogen storage diseases. This aisease results in a deficiency in the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase, essentially little to no available active enzyme. How does this disease effect blood glucose levels under fasting conditions?3. A patient has got excess carbohydrate meal for the years and gain the weight. To explain this: a) draw the schemes of TAG synthesis in the liver; b) describe the transport of TAG from the liver to adipose tissue; c) describe the functions of insulin in the conversion of glucose to TAG in the liver and adipose tissue. Glucose containing Catoms was added to isolated hepatocytes inanexperiment. Ifthe glucose was added in excess, the rate of triacylglyccrol synthesis increased.