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- Since ancient times it has been observed that certain game birds, such as grouse, quail, and pheasants, are easily fatigued. The Greek historian Xenophon wrote: “The bustards . . . can be caught if one is quick in starting them up, for they will fly only a short distance, like partridges, and soon tire; and their flesh is delicious.” The flight muscles of game birds rely almost entirely on the use of glucose 1-phosphate for energy, in the form of ATP . The glucose 1-phosphate is formed by the breakdown of stored muscle glycogen, catalyzed by the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase. The rate of ATP production is limited by the rate at which glycogen can be broken down. During a “panic flight,” the game bird’s rate ofglycogen breakdown is quite high, approximately 120 mmol/min of glucose 1-phosphate produced per gram of fresh tissue. Given that the flight muscles usually contain about 0.35% glycogen by weight, calculate how long a game bird can fly. (Assume the average molecular weight of a…During periods of stress or fasting, blood glucose levels fall.In response, fatty acids are released by adipocytes. Explainhow the drop in blood glucose triggers fatty acid release.During periods of prolonged exercise, muscles burn fat released from adipocytes in addition to glucose. Explain howthe need for additional fatty acids by muscle is communicated to the adipocytes.
- There must be a way to shut down glycogen breakdown quickly to prevent the wasteful depletion of glycogen after energy needs have been met. What mechanisms are employed to turn off glycogen breakdown?Gluconeogenesis occurs in muscle using the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase. True FalseMarathon runners often practice "carb loading" prior to a race. The purpose of this practice is to increase the stores of energy available for muscles to use. Explain how energy is used by muscle fibers and how this practice of "card loading" benefits the runner's muscles. Be sure to use the terms glucose, glycogen, creatine, phosphate, and ATP in the explanation.
- If fatty acids are a more efficient storehouse of energy than glucose or glycogen, why aren't they used immediately to drive muscle contraction?Which enzyme activity of the glycogen debranching enzyme is operating during the release of glucose units linked to glycogen branchpoints via a1,6 glycosidic linkage? O phosphorylase activity O phosphatase activity O transferase activity O glucosidase activityBreakdown of glycogen to release glucose.
- After prolonged exercise the body becomes depleted of glycogen. Which type of diet will lead to a quicker replenishment of muscle glycogen, a high fat, high protein diet or a high carbohydrate diet?Explain.An allosteric regulator of glycogen synthase is: UDP-glucose. cAMP. glucose 1-phosphate. ATP. glucose 6-phosphate.adipokines with osteoblast activity are in which of the following types of adipose tissue? - Beige adipose tisuue -white adipose tissue -Bone marrow adipose tissue -Brown Adipose