Discuss why a saturated fatty acid like lauric acid has a good anti-oxidant property.
Q: Explain why β oxidation cannot proceed backward to produce triacylglycerols.
A: Beta oxidation is a metabolic process involving multiple steps by which fatty acid molecules are…
Q: Explain how cholesterol synthesis depends on the activity of ATPcitrate lyase.
A: Cholesterol is an amphipathic molecule found in the body. It has a hydrophobic and hydrophilic…
Q: Can the carbons in ketones be metabolized and wind up in a glucose monosaccharide? If yes, using…
A: Ketone bodies are produced in the body during fasting conditions, consumption of carbohydrate…
Q: Write down the subunits of the Fatty Acid Synthase enzyme.
A: Fatty acid synthase is an enzyme that takes part in the synthesis of fatty acids. It is composed of…
Q: Identify the molecule produce by the phosphorylation of ADP.
A: Energy is used by cells to carry out their essential tasks. Through the breakdown of organic…
Q: To explain: How would an uncoupler Dinitrophenol of oxidative phosphorylation promote weight loss.
A: The organic chemical compound 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) It is a biochemically active chemical that…
Q: Hypercholesterolemic individuals taking statins are sometimes advised to take supplements of…
A: The high cholesterol level in the blood of the body is referred to as hypercholesterolemia. It is an…
Q: Explain how the position in the active site and function of the oxyanion hole of chymotrypsin…
A: Enzymes are highly specialized proteins that have extraordinary catalytic power, greater than that…
Q: true or false during fatty acid biosynthesis, the product detaches from the fatty acid synthase…
A: Fatty acid synthesis is a metabolic reaction in which fatty acids are formed from acetyl-CoA and…
Q: explain the steps of beta-oxidation in fatty acid metabolism
A: Fatty acids are long chains of hydrocarbons attached with carboxylic group. The hydrocarbon chain…
Q: Explain why adipocytes need glucose as well as fatty acids in order to synthesize triacylglycerols.
A: Triacylglycerol is the main component of body fat in humans and other animals (as well as vegetable…
Q: Consider MYRISTIC ACID CH3-(CH2)12 - COOH A. Draw the acyl CoA derived from this fatty acid
A: Fatty acids are the components of lipids, which are esterified to a glycerol backbone to form lipid.…
Q: From what fatty acid are most of the eicosanoids derived?List several medical conditions in which…
A: Eicosanoids are signaling molecules that are produced via enzymatic oxidation of polyunsaturated…
Q: Discuss why a saturated fatty acid like coconut oil has a good anti-oxidant property
A: Coconut oil has a good antioxidant property. It is a saturated fatty acid.
Q: Describe the role of acetyl-CoA, acyl carrier protein (ACP), and fatty acid synthase in fatty acid…
A: Fats are an important storage biomolecule in the human body. When plenty of glucose is available in…
Q: Explain the biochemical importance of the components of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway.
A: Cholesterol levels in the body is found from 2 major sources: Dietary intake and the process of…
Q: Transamination reactions have been described as ping-pong reactions. Use the reaction of alanine…
A: Ping pong mechanism is a double displacement reaction where Enzyme binds with the substrate to form…
Q: The enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is produced as an isozyme, which is a way to control the…
A: Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme of the anaerobic metabolic pathway and is an oxidoreductase…
Q: In fatty acid synthesis, malonyl-CoA, rather thanacetyl-CoA, is used as a “condensing group.”…
A: Fatty acid synthesis occurs in cytosol. Acetyl CoA is the source of carbon and NADPH provide…
Q: Show how the following fatty acid is oxidized:
A: Branched-chain fatty acids are oxidized first by alpha-oxidation followed by beta-oxidation. The…
Q: The thiolate anion of CoA acts as a/an nucleophile attacking the carbonyl carbon of the enzyme bound…
A: Fatty acid are activated to acyl CoA by thiokinase or acyl CoA synthetase. This step occurs in…
Q: Compare and contrast the pathways of fatty-acid breakdown and biosynthesis. What features do these…
A: Introduction Fatty acid metabolism is associated with the step-wise building up of biologically…
Q: Draw the amino acid product that results from a transamination reaction involving pyruvate and…
A: Transamination reaction involves transfer of the amino group to a keto acid to form new amino acids.…
Q: The cleavage of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to glyceraldehyde3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone…
A: Glycolysis is the metabolic oxidation process that occurs in the cytosol of every cell. where it…
Q: You ask Manny if he is taking any non-prescription drugs before refilling his prescriptions. He…
A: Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is an antioxidant that is fat-soluble. Ubiquinone is another name for it. The…
Q: List the steps and the enzyme in each step in the biosynthesis of palmatic acid using acetyl-CoA as…
A: Biosynthesis of palmitic acid occurs in the cytosol of animals and yeast, and the chloroplast stroma…
Q: Explain how fatty acids are constructed two carbon atoms at atime while the immediate donor of these…
A: Fat is the important energy source for the body. Fat is made of fatty acids and glycerol. Fatty…
Q: Identify each of the following biomolecules. Explain the function of each in biochemical processes.…
A: Biomolecules are macromolecules that are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen…
Q: Describe the synthesis of palmitic acid starting from acetyl CoA and malonyl-CoA.
A: Palmitic acid, or hexadecanoic acid in IUPAC nomenclature, is the most common saturated fatty acid…
Q: Show, by the equation for a typical reaction, why glutamateplays a central role in the biosynthesis…
A: Following reaction shows that glutamate plays a vital role in the biosynthesis of amino acids
Q: Give an account of β – oxidation of saturated even carbon fatty acid (Palmitic acid) along with the…
A: Palmitic acid is a type of fatty acid that contains sixteen carbon atoms and no carbon-carbon double…
Q: Compare the regulation requirements of catabolicpathways to those of anabolic pathways.
A: Catabolic Pathways: These are involved in the degradation (or breakdown) of complex molecules into…
Q: Outline the mechanisms of the regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis.
A: Cholesterol biosynthesis : Biosynthesis of cholesterol generally takes place in the endoplasmic…
Q: Outline how an inability to completely break down the amino acids lysine, hydroxylysine and…
A: Fatty acid oxidation is the mitochondrial aerobic process of breaking down a fatty acid into…
Q: What is the likely substrate of α ketoglutatrate dehydrogenase? A) water B) alpha ketoglutatrate C)…
A: Tri carboxylic acid cycle is a amphibolic pathway that means it involves both catabolic and anabolic…
Q: In the B-oxidation of a saturated, even chain fatty acid, four basic steps are involved. Describe…
A: In mitochondria, acetyl CoA is important component for Krebs cycle . There are various sources of…
Q: Explain how cholesterol synthesis depends on the activity of ATP-citrate lyase.
A: Cholesterol is an important lipid that is responsible for maintaining membrane fluidity of the…
Q: High blood levels of triacylglycerides are associated with heart attacks and strokes. Clofibrate, a…
A: The high level of triglycerides, the LDL (Low-density lipoprotein), and VLDL(very low density…
Q: Discuss the mechanism of action of the enzyme chymotrypsin.
A: Chymotrypsin is a serine protease that catalyses hydrolytic reactions. It specifically hydrolyses…
Q: Give the general equation for fatty acid biosynthesis.
A: The simplest form of lipid is fatty acids that are a long chain of hydrocarbons and…
Q: Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used in the production of wine and beer, while Lactobacillus acidophilus…
A: Introduction :- Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an eukaryotic organism which is used in the production…
Q: We have encountered reactions similar to the oxidation, hydration, and oxidation reactions of fatty…
A: Beta oxidation is a metabolic process in which fatty acid molecules are broken down to create energy…
Q: Following the complete metabolism of a fatty acid briefly describe what subsequently happens to the…
A: Metabolism of fatty acids includes anabolism as well as catabolism. Anabolism of fatty acids…
Q: Glucose has been found to react nonenzymatically with hemoglobin, through Schiff base formation…
A: Glucose : It is a simple carbohydrate or sugar. It is one of several kinds of sugars. It is…
Q: Select the following enzymes that utilize a mechanism where an enediol intermediate is formed. Check…
A:
Q: Some microorganisms lack DHFR activity, but their thymidylate synthase has an FAD cofactor. What is…
A: An organism evolves to find an alternative mechanism to continue the biochemical process. FAD is a…
Q: Briefly discuss the Glyoxylate Pathway
A: The glyoxylate cycle enables acetyl-CoA to be converted into malate. This cycle occurs in the…
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- 8. In patients with diabetes mellitus type I, the biochemical disorders result from changes in fuel metabolism. One of these signs is acidosis. Explain why such patients have a deviation of blood pH from the norm? For this: d) specify the hormone that accelerates this precursor formation and provide appropriate charts, starting from the hormone binding to adipocyte and concluding with precursor formation, give an explanation to the charts.1. Discuss fully the synthesis of triacylglycerol in the adipose tissue, muscles, intestines and liver. 2. Describe adequately the beta-oxidation of fatty acids. 3. Discuss the synthesis and utilization of ketone bodies.8. In patients with diabetes mellitus type I, the biochemical disorders result from changes in fucl metabolism. One of these signs is acidosis. Explain why such patients have a deviation of blood pH from the norm? For this me the Ocuics, name d) specify the hormone that accelerates this preeursor formation and provide appropriate charts, starting from the hormone binding to adipocyte and concluding with precursor formation, give an explanation to the charts.
- 3. After 12 days of starvation, a man reduced his weight by 4 kg. The doctor prescribed him biochemical blood test to analyze the level of lipids in serum blood. The results showed an elevated level of free fatty acids and triacylglycerols. Explain the results of the biochemical blood test. For that: a) name the main hormone which manages metabolism during starvation; b) draw the scheme of this hormone action on the adipose tissue; c) name the possible pathways of fatty acids usage in the liver during starvation and write down the proper schemes.One day after sinulog, a 37 year old alcoholic male was brought to medical emergency department of SWU medical center in semi-conscious state. He was out of muscle coordination, with vision changes and somehow confabulating (making up stories). Which of the following vitamins can be used as a part of the treatment? * (Please choose one correct answer only) A. Cyanocobalamin B. Thiamin C. Folic acid D. Pantothenic acid8. The adipose tissue is not only store triacylglycerols but also is active endocrine organ. Explain this function of the adipose tissuc. For that: a) explain the «clinical obesity» and possible consequences of the discase; b) name the biologically active molecules secreted by the adipose tissue; c) explain how secretion of these molecules changes with development of obesity. 9. A daily dict ofa 55-ycar-old woman, consisted ofa 500 g of carbohydrates, 100g of animal fats and 150 g of proteins, at the background of low physical activity.
- 8. Ketone bodies were found in the urine of the patient with diabetes mellitus. Explain the sequence of metabolic changes resulting in ketonuria. For that answer the question and do the following tasks: a) what are the ranges of ketone bodics in blood of the healthy pcople and the patients with diabetes mellitus? b) explain the main changes in hormonal regulation of patient with diabetes mellitus; c) explain why the level of free fatty acids in the blood is clevated; d) name the pathways of lipid metabolism which becomes more active in patients with diabetes mellitus; e) draw the scheme of ketone body synthesis and oxidation.1. Explain the process and main pathways of steroid hormones synthesis in relation to cholesterol metabolism. 2. Describe three important health disorders or diseases related to abnormal cholesterol metabolism.II. An unconscious man with signs of alcohol poisoning was taken to the hospital. The laboratory data of blood tests are the following: a) alcohol – 320 mg / dl (the norm - 5 mg/dl); b) glucose – 50 mg/dL; c) lactate- 2 mmol /1 (the norm-I mmol/l). What are the causes of changes in blood glucosc and lactate concentration in acute alcohol poisoning? Draw the appropriate reaction and the diagram of the process with a reduced rate in this person.
- 3. A patient has got excess carbohydrate meal for the years and gain the weight. To explain this: a) draw the schemes of TAG synthesis in the liver; b) describe the transport of TAG from the liver to adipose tissue; c) describe the functions of insulin in the conversion of glucose to TAG in the liver and adipose tissue. Glucose containing Catoms was added to isolated hepatocytes inanexperiment. Ifthe glucose was added in excess, the rate of triacylglyccrol synthesis increased.8. Hypercholesterolemia is a frequent complication of diabetes mellitus in patients with prolonged hyperglycemia. Why a high level of glucose in blood causes hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis? For the answer explain: a) how glucose can interact with the proteins and the consequences of this reaction for the proteins; b) glycation of which proteins results in hypercholesterolemia; c) possible causes and complications of hypercholesterolemia..26: Regarding thioamides: ese (a) they include chlorambucil (b) methimazole is less potent than propylthiouracil (c) the bioavailability of propylthiouracil is less than 25% (d) their prolonged use may result in gastrointestinal distress (e) the most dangerous complication is agranulocytosis