Compared to observational studies like cohort and case-control studies, experimental studies like RCTs are better at establishing causality. True False
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Compared to observational studies like cohort and case-control studies, experimental studies like RCTs are better at establishing causality.
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- Dr. Farah is an educational psychologist who is interested in studying the potential causal relationship between doing homework and academic achievement. In January, Dr. Farah has her students report their fall GPA (a measure of academic achievement) and estimate how many hours they spent doing homework during a typical week in the fall semester. In May, Dr. Farah measures the same variables again (the estimated number of hours spent doing homework during a typical week in the spring semester and their spring GPA). She finds the following correlations. Imagine that Dr. Farah noted a cyclical, reinforcing relationship between homework and academic achievement. For this to be case, which of the following correlations would need to be significant? a. Correlations 1 and 6 b. Correlations 2 and 5 c. Correlations 3 and 4 d. Correlations 2 and 3 Answer is C for this question. Why this one is the answer and others are not?This case study looks at the introduction of a pet therapy program. The evaluator looks at a number of variables including patient age, gender, and length of stay in the rehabilitation unit. The evaluator did not look at the type of injury or the type of therapy the patient was receiving. This study found no statistically significant relationship between the number of pet visits and satisfaction with the pet therapy project. Suppose there was a statistically significant difference between number of visits and satisfaction. What would this mean for the evaluation of the pet therapy program?To demonstrate a causal relationship, the researchers must have appropriate time order and covariation between the variables, and they must have eliminated plausible alternative explanations. What is missing, if anything, in the following cause-and-effect assertions? Explain. A study looks at the promotion time for women and concludes that women face barriers to promotions. Proponents of free college education for all argue that teenage pregnancies and crime would be lower if everyone had the opportunity to go to college. An e-mail circulated stating that a study found that a majority of women who had breast cancer had used deodorant containing a specific chemical and argued that the government should ban that chemical.
- This case study looks at the introduction of a pet therapy program. The evaluator looks at a number of variables including patient age, gender, and length of stay in the rehabilitation unit. The evaluator did not look at the type of injury or the type of therapy the patient was receiving. This study found no statistically significant relationship between the number of pet visits and satisfaction with the pet therapy project. What does this mean for the evaluation?A researcher conducts a cross-sectional analysis of workers and finds a positive correlation between the number of hours high schoolers spent practicing a musical instrument and their subsequent college performance. Explain how this relationship could be causal. The researcher advocates a policy of requiring all students to take band in order to improve future outcomes. What is a possible problem with this analysis?Individuals with strong religious beliefs often turn to their faith to cope with stressful life events. Relying on God's love and caring is referred to as positive religious coping. Andrea Phelps and her colleagues studied the relationship between positive religious coping and the type of care received by terminally ill cancer patients. Most of the patients in the study were Christian. [Source: Phelps, A. et al., "Religious coping and use of intensive life-prolonging care near death in patients with advanced cancer." Journal of the American Medical Association, 301 (2009): 1140-1147.] Suppose another researcher conducts a similar study but uses a sample of patients whose religious traditions are more varied than the patients in the Phelps study. He samples 400 terminally ill patients to see whether their practicing a religion is related to how likely they are to seek intensive life-prolonging care. The following table shows the results of the study. Observed Frequencies Seeks Intensive…
- If you are conducting a study on the academic performance of students who are registered members of any of the university's sports and cultural clubs. A colleague has suggested that it is better for you to utilise secondary data for your study. Do you agree with her suggestion? Justify your responseSuppose we are interested in studying the relationship between the shelf life of cheeses in a dairy factory and the thickness of the packaging material used for those cheeses. We would like to determine if there is a causal relationship between the thickness of the packaging material and the shelf life of the cheese; that is, does a change in the thickness of the packaging material cause a change in the shelf life of the cheese? Select the study that would be best source of evidence for establishing the existence of a causal relationship. a. A study which uses a stratified random sample, stratifying by type of cheese, to select units of cheese in the factory and determine the thickness of the packaging material and test the shelf life of each unit. b. A study which uses a cluster sample, clustering by room the cheese is stored in, to select units of cheese in the factory and determine the thickness of the packaging material and test the shelf life of each unit. c. A study in which a…Individuals with strong religious beliefs often turn to their faith to cope with stressful life events. Relying on God's love and caring is referred to as positive religious coping. Andrea Phelps and her colleagues studied the relationship between positive religious coping and the type of care received by terminally ill cancer patients. Most of the patients in the study were Christian. Suppose another researcher conducts a similar study, but uses a sample of patients whose religious traditions are more varied than the patients in the Phelps study. She samples 300 terminally ill patients to see whether their practicing a religion is related to how likely they are to have a living will. The following table shows the results of the study. Living Will(Yes). Living Will(No) Practices Religion(Yes). 90 69 Practices Religion(No) 90 51 Find the chi-square test…
- Suppose we are interested in studying the relationship between the shelf life of cheeses in a dairy factory and the thickness of the packaging material used for those cheeses. We would like to determine if there is a causal relationship between the thickness of the packaging material and the shelf life of the cheese; that is, does a change in the thickness of the packaging material cause a change in the shelf life of the cheese? Select the study that would be best source of evidence for establishing the existence of a causal relationship. Select one: O a. A study which uses a stratified random sample, stratifying by type of cheese, to select units of cheese in the factory and determine the thickness of the packaging material and test the shelf life of each unit. O b. A study which uses a cluster sample, clustering by room the cheese is stored in, to select units of cheese in the factory and determine the thickness of the packaging material and test the shelf life of each unit. O c. A…When an interaction term is statistically significant, you must be cautious in interpreting the main effects. True or False?A criminologist studied fear of crime, age, and gender of people who were present for Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans. The dependent variable in this study is