Chemistry Most of the reactions in gluconeogenesis are the simple reversal of the ‘forward’ reactions used in glycolysis. However, formation of PEP in gluconeogenesis from pyruvate by pyruvate kinase is not feasible because the DG of this reaction is too unfavourable. Describe the source(s) of the energy used in gluconeogenesis to drive the production of PEP.
Q: What type of enzyme regulation is the most readily (quickly) reversible?
A: Enzymes are biocatalysts that catalyse the biochemical reaction. Substrate molecules bind to the…
Q: a) A plasmid DNA in bacteria has a length of 14,000 bp and an Lk of 1300. Calculate the superhelical…
A: The linking number of DNA describes the topology of a double-stranded DNA. It is the number of times…
Q: how to interpret Saturation curves for hemoglobin and myoglobin and how these curves change when…
A: An oxygen dissociation curve is obtained when we plot the %saturation of hemoglobin against the…
Q: What is the percentage (%) of glutamate that is protonated at pH 6.0? pKa of glutamate R-group is…
A: Amino acids are biomolecules in which an amino group and a carboxyl group are linked to the same…
Q: The starting substrate and active site of a Type I topoisomerase is shown below. During this…
A: Topoisomerases change the topology of DNA by breaking either one or two of the DNA strands and allow…
Q: Give a detailed description of the structure, characteristics, and functions of proteins
A: Proteins are the bio molecules which are made up of amino acids . They are the important bio…
Q: The membrane separating compartments A and B of the following chamber is permeable to Cl- ions (gCl…
A: Since you have posted a question with multiple sub-parts, we will solve the first three sub-parts…
Q: sing Figure 1.3 of the Introduction as an example, a) draw all the structures of the tribasic amino…
A: The proteins are composed of twenty naturally occurring amino acids. Lysine is a basic amino acid…
Q: How can Nestle company help in fighting the obesogenic environment in Mexico with their food…
A: Mexico is the second most obesity affected country in the world.More than half of its youngsters and…
Q: what are the chemical methods for glucose determination and their clinical significance?
A: Glucose is the most important carbohydrate fuel of the body. The normal concentration of glucose in…
Q: Give 2 examples of enzymatic reactions regulated allosterically and one example of a "cascade"…
A: In allosteric regulation of enzyme, an effector molecules bind to an enzyme at a site other than the…
Q: Provide methodologies for the correct use of pH meter.
A: Introduction A pH meter is an electric instrument which is used to measure the hydrogen ion activity…
Q: different properties of the head and tails of phospholipids (polar, hydrophilic, nonpolar,…
A: Phospholipids are lipids with phosphate groups and are a crucial part of cell membranes. The…
Q: Vancomycin is a very potent antibiotic use for several diseases such as infective endocarditis,…
A: Vancomycin is a unique glycopeptide that is structurally unrelated to most common antibiotics. This…
Q: Choose the best answer The active site of an enzyme is the place where the following happens:…
A: A catalyst is a component that speeds up a chemical reaction without really being a reactant.…
Q: Human proteins are made up of ______________ (number of distinct/unique) amino acids.
A: Proteins are made up of amino acids attached together via peptide bonds. The proteins can fold up…
Q: What is Oxidative phosphorylation and why is it needed in the catabolic pathways you have studied…
A: Cellular respiration - It is a catabolic process that breaks down large molecules into smaller ones…
Q: 6. How many mL of 6M HCI solution should be diluted to make 200 mL of a 1.5M solution?
A: Diluted solution can be prepared by diluting the concentrated sample of HCl.
Q: Consider the peptides Pro-Gin-Val-Phe-His-Asp-Cys and His-Gln-Pro-Cys-Asp-Phe-Val. How do these two…
A: Amino acids are biomolecules in which an amino group and a carboxyl group are linked to the same…
Q: Draw the Biosynthesis of fatty acids from Acetyl CoA pathway and identify the different types of…
A: The biosynthesis of fatty acids from the acetyl-CoA occurs in the cytosol. It involves the addition…
Q: A dialysis tube that contains 10 mL of a 5% sucrose solution and that is permeable to water but not…
A: Osmosis is a process by which a water moves from higher water concentration to lower water…
Q: Draw the Glycolysis (from glucose to two molecules of pyruvate) pathway and identify the different…
A: During glycolysis, one molecule of glucose results in formation of two pyruvate. Glucose is a…
Q: The side chain of which residue can be hydrogen bond donor: a. Thr b. Ala c. Ile d. Pro e.…
A: There are twenty standard amino acids that makeup all the proteins present in our body. These twenty…
Q: The major source of metabolic acid in the body is carbon dioxide owing to its ability to be…
A: Given to us are 5 acids and we are asked to determine which one out of the 5 are produced from…
Q: The following data describe the catalysis of cleavage of peptide bonds in small peptides by a…
A: Enzymes are highly specialized proteins that have extraordinary catalytic power, greater than that…
Q: So when drugs are bound to plasma proteins, the effects are NOT intensified?
A: Drugs are chemical substances that have the capability to improve physical and mental illness.…
Q: You've discovered a novel biosynthetic pathway that makes the molecule caffeine. The pathway can be…
A: In biochemistry, a metabolic pathway is series of enzyme catalysed reaction where product of one…
Q: What are the monomers of DNA & RNA? What 3 parts do the monomers contain?
A: Introduction: Nucleic acids are large biomolecules that carry hereditary information for cellular…
Q: In the given segment showing parallel strands, there are a total of In a parallel 3 sheet, hydrogen…
A: Beta sheets are secondary structures of proteins. They can be formed by a single peptide chain or…
Q: Imidazole is used to elute His6-tagged proteins from Ni-NTA resins because imidazole is: a.…
A: On the Ni-NTA column the protein that is His-tagged bind to the column with high affinity. The…
Q: The side chain of which of the following amino acids is most hydrophilic a. Phe b. Val c. Leu d.…
A: The hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity of the amino acids in a protein is quantitatively analysed…
Q: Conversion of oleic acid to its more stable trans-isomer can be triggered by light. Do you think…
A: Oleic Acid (OA): An omega-9 fatty acid is an oleic acid. The body can produce it. Foods contain it…
Q: What is the importance of biochemistry signaling to our health and development? How does it affect…
A: Biochemistry is the branch of science that is concerned with the chemical substances found in living…
Q: The normal concentrations for intracellular and extracellular potassium in a neuron are [K+]in = 150…
A: Recall that the Nernst equation for calculating reversal potential is: Eion = RT/Zf log [Co]/[Ci]…
Q: 1. By mistake, a student placed microdrops of solutions of alanine and leucine on the same point on…
A: All the 20 standard amino acids except proline have a primary amine group . Ninhydrin is a very…
Q: Will dithiothreitol have the exact same effect on folded proteins or will the reaction undergo a…
A: Dithiothreitol (DTT) is a small redox reagent which is also known as Cleland's reagent. It is…
Q: Consider the following peptide to answer the questions below: A M A K K E S H I F T A I D E What…
A: Note: Hi! Thank you for the question. We are authorized to answer three subparts at a time. Since…
Q: If a dialysis tube that is permeable to water but not sucrose contains a 40% sucrose solution that…
A: Water travels across a semi-permeable membrane from the side of the membrane with a lower…
Q: The figure shows an example of a thermal denaturation plot. The melting temperature (Tm) is the…
A: The proteins re folded into their proper three dimensional structure and this folding is driven by…
Q: Summarize the general characteristics of carbohydrates.
A: Carbohydrates are the chemically polyhydroxy-aldehydes or polyhydroxy-ketones. They are one of the…
Q: The β-Sheet is formed mainly by a. hydrophobic interaction b. hydrogen bonding between the…
A: Alpha-helix and beta-sheets are types of secondary structures that are mainly found in protein…
Q: Compare and contrast the principle behind DNA migration in agarose gel electrophoresis from that of…
A: Electrophoresis is a technique that involves the migration of charged molecules under the influence…
Q: 48. Which of the following is a definition of messenger RNA (mRNA)? a. RNA found in the ribosome,…
A: RNA stands for Ribonucleic Acid. It is the product of transcription. There are various RNA namely,…
Q: Which of the following statements about chaperones is FALSE? a. Chaperones prevent incorrect…
A: Proteins mostly get folded into their native states spontaneously. Some proteins require assistance…
Q: cell division, what do you think is this other explanation for the loss of body fat in cancer…
A: Cancer patient when undergo chemotherapy for treatment have a feeling of nausea and headache along…
Q: 4 parts Which refers to A. breaking something down in the body. B.Building something in the body?…
A: In human body, numerous reactions goes on. This is called metabolism. Metabolism results from…
Q: What is the principle involved in mucic acid test?
A: Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones. They can be classified into monosaccharides,…
Q: What is the difference between a simple and conjugated protein? Why is gelatin classified as a…
A: Proteins are large molecules made up of amino acid residues linked via a peptide bond. Amino Acids…
Q: Carbon is a unique element that can form a variety of compounds. (a) Identify at least three unique…
A: Life on Earth is said to be 'carbon based' as all the major & common biomolecules have a carbon…
Q: 2. The role of coenzymes in realizing the catalytic activity of enzymes.
A: Enzymes are biocatalysts that increase the rate of biochemical reactions by carrying out quick…
Chemistry
Most of the reactions in gluconeogenesis are the simple reversal of the ‘forward’ reactions used in glycolysis. However, formation of PEP in gluconeogenesis from pyruvate by pyruvate kinase is not feasible because the DG of this reaction is too unfavourable. Describe the source(s) of the energy used in gluconeogenesis to drive the production of PEP.
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps with 1 images
- . Pyruvate can be processed under anaerobic conditions to ethanol (in yeast) or to lactate (in mammals), as shown. Explain the primary purpose of these reactions. Describe the major biochemical features of each reactionArrange the balanced biochemical equations for all the reactions in the catabolism of glucose to two molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (the preparatory phase of glycolysis). First step Last step Answer Bank Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate - dihydroxyacetone phosphate + glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Fructose 6-phosphate + ATP →→→→ fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + ADP Glucose + ATP → glucose 6-phosphate + ADP Dihydroxyacetone phosphate glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Glucose 6-phosphate →→→→ fructose 6-phosphateArrange the balanced biochemical equations for all the reactions in the payoff phase of glycolysis and the conversion of pyruvate to lactate.
- Write balanced biochemical equations for all the reactions in the catabolism of glucose to two molecules of pyruvate (the preparatory & payoff phase of glycolysis), including the standard free-energy change ΔG for each reaction. Then write the overall or net equation of glycolysis, with the net standard free-energy change when one molecule of glucose is converted into 2 molecules of pyruvate.H. OH co co2 но H co, 1-isopropylmalate 2-isopropylmalate Biosynthesis of leucine involves conversion of 1-isopropyimalate to 2-isopropylmalate (see above). This proceeds in four steps under basic enzymic catalysis via an isolable compound produced in step 2. Write a detailed mechanism for this conversion. Then, draw the intermediate compound) produced in step 2. • You do not have to consider stereochemistry. • Draw uninvolved carboxyl groups in the anionic state, and enolates as carbanions. When needed, abbreviate CoenzymeA-S- as CH3S- In your drawing. aaleIn working skeletal muscle under anaerobic conditions, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is converted to pyruvate (the payoff phase of glycolysis), and the pyruvate is reduced to lactate. Write balanced biochemical equations for all the reactions in this process, with the standard free-energy change for eachreaction. Then write the overall or net equation for the payoff phase of glycolysis (with lactate as the end product), including the net standard free-energy change.
- Compare and contrast Pyruvate Dehydrogenase with a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenaseOutline the mechanisms of both enzymes. Discuss the functions of the coenzymes. List the similarities and the differences between the 2 enzymes. Both are very large membrane bound complexes. What are the advantages of this strategy?Do a bit or research on the structure one of these enzymes. (include one recent reference) – How detailed is the enzyme structure known? What insight(s) does this structural detail give you about the enzyme mechanism.The intermediates of glycolysis with a free energy of hydrolysis sufficient to couple conversion of ADP + phosphate to ATP (a substrate level phosphorylation) include (Choose all that apply) O phosphoenolpyruvate O 2-phosphoglycerate O 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate O glucose-6-phosphate. O fructose-6-phosphate. O fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. O dihydroxyacetone phosphateWhich of the following sequences represents the correct general sequence of oxidative fatty acid catabolism? (1) NAD+ dependent oxidation(2) FAD-dependent oxidation(3) thiolysis(4) hydration Please explain...thanks
- Regulatory enzymes are crucial for the proper functioning and coordination of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. As a general rule, regulatory enzymes catalyze reactions that are far from equilibrium. Why does this make good biochemical sense?Creatine is a popular dietary supplement. What is the biochemical rationale for the use of creatine? It would serve as an electron donor to support reductive biosyntheses required to sustain cellular function. It would promote the movement of ions through ion channels and thus power the synthesis of ATP during exercise. It would be converted into creatine phosphate and thus serve as a rapid means of replenishing ATP during muscle contraction. O It would directly serve as an electron carrier to support the oxidation of fuel molecules and thus energy production. What type of exercise would benefit most from creatine supplementation? O a long-distance run a leisurely walk yoga O sprintingWrite balanced biochemical equations for all the reactions in the catabolism of glucose to two molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (the preparatory phase of glycolysis), including the standard free-energy change for each reaction. Then write the overall or net equation for the preparatory phase of glycolysis, with the net standard free-energy change.