Binding sites used to anchor virus to host cell receptors (low rate of mutation) Site for antibody binding (high rate of mutation) Viral envelope

Q: The type specific antigen (A, B or C) of influenza viruses is found on which viral constituent?…

A: Influenza virus is a viral infection that affects the respiratory system. The infection is…

Q: The general steps in a viral multiplication cycle area. adsorption, penetration, synthesis,…

A: A pathogen or infectious agent is a biological agent that causes illness or disease to its host.…

Q: In your own words, explain how damage to the host cell's DNA can trigger latent bacteriophage to…

A: DNA:  Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule made up of two polynucleotide chains that coil…

Q: A viral mutation that causes changes in the glycoprotein spikes would affect which aspect of the…

A: A virus consists of three basic structures, an outer protein coating(capsid), an outer protein…

Q: Many viruses have the ability to resurrect dead cells. Why would investigating this feature of…

A: Viruses are intracellular obligate parasites in nature. They depend on the host cell for…

Q: The lipid content of an enveloped virus is produced from O freely available lipids viral made…

A: Microorganisms are those organisms that are not found by the naked eye while they are visible only…

Q: Enveloped viral membranes are generally ________ with associated virus-specific ________. A) lipid…

A: Many enveloped viruses are pathogenic to humans and have therapeutic significance, such as HBV, HCV,…

Q: A corona virus of mass (m) jumped from a cell Infected to uninfected cell and at an angle with the…

A: 1) The coronavirus jumps from one infected cell to another uninfected cell at an angle to the…

Q: Which protein is most crucial for HIV entry into target cells Tat p24 Rev Integrase Envelop…

A: HIV has a structure of Retrovirus. Core of HIV has 2 identical molecule of ssRNAs, Enzymes (reverse…

Q: Stress can cause a latent virus to enter the lytic cycle, resulting in symptoms for the host. A.…

A: Virus is non - cellular particle which is smaller than the bacteria.  They  act as alive when enter…

Q: Viruses can easily mutate exchange genetic material, mechanisms referred to as antigenic drift and…

A: Antigenic Drift - The virus changes genetically by accumulating mutations within the genes that code…

Q: What component of the virion is gained in the process of budding?

A: Viruses are obligate parasites. They are non cellular entities which have their RNA (ribonucleic…

Q: After consulting table , what additional facts can you stateabout viruses, especially as compared…

A: Virus is an ultramicroscopic entity which becomes active only inside a living cell using host’s…

Q: During viral infection, attachment is usually specific to a particular celltype becausea. the virus…

A: Viruses do not come under the categories of Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes as they exhibit the dual…

Q: virus infects evolve to have the viral receptors

A: virus receptor can be defined as a host cell surface component recognized by the virus as a gateway…

Q: Why is earlier to target a single mutant versus multiple mutants in the virus

A: Mutations are the changes in the DNA sequence of an organism which may or may not affect the…

Q: Mention one significant function of capsid in virus.

A: Virus is a nucleoprotein entity which able to utilize the synthetic machinery of a living cell of…

Q: Bacteria have evolved numerous mechanisms to prevent the invasion of foreign viral DNA (see…

A: Transfer of genetic material (DNA) from parent to offspring is termed as vertical transfer of genes…

Q: The innermost portion of a viruses structure is made up of?

A: Viruses are submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cell of an…

Q: The cell is the basic unit of all living things, and viruses which are generally not considered…

A: The process of discriminating between various biological structures aid in understanding the…

Q: Which type of interaction is least harmful to the host?

A: BASIC INFORMATION VIRUS  They are obligate parasites. They are very small in size that is about 20…

Q: Please describe each step mentioned in the figure below illustrating retroviral transfer of DNA into…

A: A retrovirus is a virus that has its genetic material in the form of RNA. When a retrovirus infects…

Q: Figure 1. A representation of remdesivir and the viral replication machinery for SARS-CoV-2. 6.…

A: Coronaviruses are a bunch of viruses that cause diseases like Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome…

Q: The proteins on the surface of envelope viruses generally have to perform a few key tasks,…

A: 1. There has been no evidence that the translation of viral proteins is facilitated by proteins on…

Q: Briefly explain why all viruses with a RNA genome (excluding retroviruses) must produce their own…

A: RNA polymerase is a protein that converts DNA sequences into RNA and then synthesizes new strands of…

Q: ach virus bind to a specific cell surface receptor for attachment, so prevention of viral attachment…

A: Microorganisms or microbes are tangible objects that appear under a microscope. Large groups of…

Q: _____ mRNA is synthesized before replication of the viral nucleic acid.

A: The nucleic acid is the genetic material in the virus. The virus can have either DNA or RNA. Both…

Q: Describe Specialized transduction: transfer of specific genetic material by means of a virus…

A: Transduction is the process in which the foreign DNA is inserted into a cell by a viral vector or…

Q: Which cells are the main target for HIV?

A: HIV replication starts when the virus reproduces itself. HIV involves CD4 cells for replication.…

Q: Which of the following hypothetical viruses could NOT replicate in a host cell? It assumes that…

A: The correct answer would be option A i.e., the virus has ssDNA genome and replicates in the…

Q: The lipid content of an enveloped virus is produced from O freely available tipids viral made…

A: Virus is a microscopic organism which contains a protective coat and the nucleic acid. It doesn’t…

Q: Which type of virus would not need a viral enzyme for transcription? retrovirus |ds RNA ss (+) sense…

A: Microorganisms are the ones which can be seen only under a microscope. Mostly they are unicellular…

Q: The viral genome needs to get to the nucleus for the virus that replicates in the nucleus. In other…

A: Viruses have genetic material either DNA or RNA that is surrounded by a protein coat. They require…

Q: Which best describe the HIV REV protein? Code for proteins necessary for synthesis of the viral…

A: HIV REV Protein:  Rev is a transactivating protein required for HIV-1 (and other lentiviral) protein…

Q: Viruses may be latent for a long period of time. For example, HIV may be latent for many years,…

A: The ability of the virus to stay dormant in a cell is called viral or virus latency. This is the…

Q: The lytic cycle of a bacteriophage can be characterized by A large number of phages are released at…

A: Virus gains entry into the host cells. A bacteriophage is a virus that attacks bacteria. According…

Q: Which one of the options shown below is a common mechanism of entry in some enveloped viruses?…

A: Viruses are tiny infectious agents that can cause a wide range of diseases in humans, animals, and…

Q: The lipid content of an enveloped virus is produced from O freely available tipids O viral made…

A: Host membrane

Q: All of the following statements correctly describes the properties of Influenza A virus EXCEPT…

A: Influenza A viruses are negative-sense RNA viruses with  single-stranded, segmented RNA viruses. The…

Q: Considering that each virus must bind to a specific cell surface receptor for attachment, explain…

A: Virus attaches to a particular site of the host cell, the cell membrane of the host cell has…

Q: Define and describe prions, including their replication process and contrast them with viruses.

A: A prion is a type of protein that can trigger normal proteins in the brain to fold abnormally. Prion…

Q: One strain of influenza can infect multiple hosts including humans pigs and birds. What is a…

A: Antigenic shift is a process by which two or more different strains of a virus, or strains of two of…

Q: viral genome needs to get to the nucleus for the virus that replicates in the nucleus. the viral…

A: Viruses are small entities that stand on the line of living and nonliving things. Viruses require…

Q: Describe the structure of a non-enveloped virus and an enveloped virus.  Be sure to address the…

A: Viruses are obligate acellular parasites that requires a living cell of the host for its…

Q: Reverse transcriptase would most likely be inside which virus? a DNA-based lytic virus an RNA-based…

A: The enzyme reverse transcriptase is used to generate complementary DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) from…

Q: A comparison of plaque-forming units and TCID50 units as measures of virus infectivity

A: Infection measurement includes including the number of infections in a particular volume to decide…

Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.