as a possible congestion control mechanism in a subnet using virtual circuits internally, a router could refrain from acknowledging a received packet until (1) it knows its last transmission along the virtual circuit was received successfully and (2) it has a free buffer. for simplicity, assume that the routers use a stop-and-wait protocol and that each virtual circuit has one buffer dedicated to it for each direction of traffic. if it takes 7 sec to transmit a packet (data or acknowledgement) and there are n routers on the path, what is the rate at which packets are delivered to the destination host? assume that transmission errors are rare and that the host-router connection is infinitely fast.
Q: True or untrue, and provide a short explanation for your answer: When both the transmitter and…
A: The answer for the above mentioned question is given in the following steps for your reference
Q: How are the access-matrix facility and the role-based access- control facility similar? How do they…
A:
Q: Using python, consider the following function: f(x)= sin (4(x-1/4)) for x€[0,2]. 1. Plot the…
A: Below I have provided Python Programming. Also, I have attached the screenshot of the code and…
Q: The role played by the Internet of Things in the development of smart homes. Give some examples.
A: It may be bright if a home has multiple smart appliances that you can control from a distance by…
Q: Accesses between memory tiers may be made more quickly with the use of buffers. For the given…
A: Architecture: 1: the practises of designing and constructing buildings, particularly livable ones,…
Q: In a relational database, a select operation may reduce the size of a table by removing columns that…
A: The select procedure simply searches the table's data and acquires or retrieves records according to…
Q: CHALLENGE ACTIVITY 1.8.1: Compute an expression. Write a statement that assigns finalResult with…
A: Answer: Algorithms Step1: We have initialized the n1 ,n2 sum and res where n1 and n2 will be user…
Q: C Language You are conducting a linguistic study and are interested in finding words that contain…
A: According to the information given:- We have to follow the instruction in order to get desired…
Q: In a relational database, a select operation may reduce the size of a table by removing columns that…
A: The select procedure simply searches the table's data and acquires or retrieves records according to…
Q: Why are watchdog timers crucial for so many embedded systems?
A: Watchdog Timer:- A device which is used to assert a reset output in case it does not receive a…
Q: How much quicker is it in nanoseconds compared to milliseconds?
A: Nanosecond The read or write access time to random access memory is often measured in nanoseconds,…
Q: is needed to create a new instance of the class? O A field O An instance attribute O A constructor A…
A:
Q: In light of the availability of on-chip L3 caches, please discuss the merits and cons of using…
A: The answer is given in the below step.
Q: What are team norms, and how do they effect the behavior and cohesion of the group? How does the…
A: Team standards The team norms are considered to include standards and fundamental operational…
Q: Consider a setting where processors are not associated with unique identifiers but the total number…
A:
Q: Discuss how the asymmetric encryption algorithm can be used to achieve the following goals. a.…
A:
Q: as a possible congestion control mechanism in a subnet using virtual circuits internally, a router…
A: Using stop and wait protocol.
Q: Is it feasible for an application employing UDP to have dependable data delivery? Consequently, how…
A: Introduction One possibility is to use Reliable UDP (RUDP or RDP). The idea is that the sender…
Q: When faced with a problem in Computational Geometry, why do we go to MATLAB as our tool of choice?
A: Computational Geometry: Computational geometry is an area of computer science that studies…
Q: If all the links in the Internet were to provide reliable delivery service, would the TCP reliable…
A:
Q: Discuss ways in which the priority inversion problem could be ad dressed in a realtime system. Also…
A: Introduction: Priority Inversion: It is a concept in which a lower\lesser priority process preempts…
Q: I find it challenging to summarize the content and organization of a written technical report.
A: While writing a technical report, we must consider the following factors. The page bearing the…
Q: Consider the ring protection scheme in MULTICS. If we were to implement the system calls of a…
A:
Q: Using only the data given in the text, what is the maximum number of telephones that the existing…
A: Introduction: Lower-level assault: An assault against a computer system or communication protocol…
Q: Are you able to list the three key sites in your healthcare company where data is gathered and…
A: MS Excel is mainly used for data storage, analysis, sorting, and reporting. Spreadsheets are very…
Q: Identify the syntax as either valid or invalid Mov al, 6789
A: The syntax is Valid as is a logical error and will result in overflow of AL register
Q: Consider the ring protection scheme in MULTICS. If we were to implement the system calls of a…
A: Operating system An operating system goes about as a delegate between the client of a PC and PC…
Q: Comment on the current status of IPv4 and identify the major emerging problems for IPv4 and discuss…
A: IPv4 stands for Internet Protocol version 4. It is the underlying technology that makes it possible…
Q: ) In the time-variant password authentication method, server B sends a random challenge number c to…
A: By obtaining the value of c and determining h, attacker X is able to successfully impersonate A…
Q: The fundamental building blocks of a computer system should be briefly discussed.
A: A device that can store and process information is a computer. Most computers employ a binary…
Q: What issues are resolved by the SPEC CPU benchmarks compared to the Whetstone, Dhrystone, and…
A: Linpack Benchmarks: The floating-point computing power of a system is assessed using the LINPACK…
Q: Contrast unicasting, multicasting, and broadcasting as techniques for delivering content across a…
A: We have to discuss in exactly what ways the three communication techniques differs from each other,…
Q: To use the cin.getline function, the program must include the __________ library. Group of answer…
A: The question has been answered in step2
Q: Is it possible to use a Mechanical Turk to deceive someone today? What separates a modern Turk from…
A: Fooling people using automation: "No," it is impossible to trick people by utilizing a method such…
Q: Consider the centralized and the fully distributed approaches to dead- lock detection. Compare the…
A: Answer:-
Q: Give two example computer applications for which connection-oriented service is appropriate. Now…
A: INTRODUCTION An application likewise alluded to as an application program or application software is…
Q: Which three procedural programming language subcategories are available? Give a brief justification…
A: The meaning of a subcategory: A category that falls within a more general category: an additional…
Q: The system writes to VA page 30 if an instruction is not accepted; what does it mean? Compared to a…
A: Introduction: When working with virtual memory, using a TLB is a typical practise (I'm talking about…
Q: Recent IBM study among 585 mobile application developers and managers found that just one third of…
A: answer is
Q: How can one go about locating a PKES system?
A: The most common method of locating a Port Kaien Experimental Station is to look at the direction you…
Q: A program evaluates binary arithmetic expressions that are read from an input ile. All of the…
A: answer is
Q: Question 2 Write a function to take two integers as arguments and return the sum and difference of…
A: The code is written in Python 3.9.9 below The function is def calc_sum_and_diff(a, b): sum = a…
Q: For instance, you'll need to recruit individuals if you're starting a media firm and want graphic…
A: Given: Data that is currently in use is duplicated on a backup storage device. A backup storage…
Q: If all the links in the Internet were to provide reliable delivery service, would the TCP reliable…
A: ANSWER:-
Q: In light of the availability of on-chip L3 caches, please discuss the merits and cons of using…
A: Definition: A single set of instructions is carried out in a single thread. In other words, each…
Q: Write a program that first gets a list of integers from input. The input begins with an integer…
A: Below I have provided java Programming. Also, I have attached the screenshot of the code and output…
Q: Give a big O estimate for the number of multiplications used in this pseudocode. m = 0 for i:=1 to…
A: The solution is given below with proper explanation and example
Q: The logical clock timestamp scheme presented in this chapter provides the following guarantee: If…
A: so first we will talk about logical time stamps so the main concept of logical clock is happend…
Q: The derivation of an O(log(N)) program for Fibonacci series also explain it step by step
A: soluton is followed on next step:-
Q: Is this statement true or false? Assume that the most recent SampleRTT on a TCP connection is 1…
A: SampleRTT is the measured time from TCP segment tranmission until ACK receipt. Next_EstimatedRTT =…
Step by step
Solved in 3 steps
- R6Fragmentation of an IP datagram takes place if its size is larger than the MTU of the subnet over which the datagram will be routed. Most IP datagram reassembly algorithms have a timer to avoid having a lost fragment tie up reassembly buffers forever. Suppose a datagram is fragmented into four fragments. The first three fragments arrive, but the last one is delayed. Eventually the timer goes off and the three fragments in the receiver's memory are discarded. A little later, the last fragment stumbles in. What should be done with it?as a possible congestion control mechanism in a subnet using virtual circuits internally, a router could refrain from acknowledging a received packet until (1) it knows its last transmission along the virtual circuit was received successfully and (2) it has a free buffer. for simplicity, assume that the routers use a stop-and-wait protocol and that each virtual circuit has one buffer dedicated to it for each direction of traffic. if it takes 7 sec to transmit a packet (data or acknowledgement) and there are n routers on the path, what is the rate at which packets are delivered to the destination host? assume that transmission errors are rare and that the host-router connection is infinitely fast.In TCP connection, congestion occurs if the load on the network is greater than the capacity of the network. TCP uses the following algorithm to handle congestion. The algorithm is based on the size of the congestion window (cwnd) which starts with one maximum segment size (MSS). The MSS is determined during connection establishment. At each time the whole window of segments is acknowledged (one transmission), the size of the window grows exponentially. To stop this exponential growth, the sender keeps the track of a threshold. The threshold is set to 16 MSS. After reaching the threshold, the size of the congestion window is increased by 1. After how many transmissions the congestion window size will be 22 MSS?
- hdet b) Consider sending a packet contains 1100 bits from Host A to Host B in a store and forward nerwork. There are 10 links (and 9 routers) between A and B, and the links are congested (there Is a queuing delays). Assume propagation delay over the links are negligible. As a packet travels along the route, it encounters an average of 5 packets already waiting in the queue to be transmitted when it arrives at each router, How long does it take for the packet to get to the receiver if the nodes transmit on a "first come first served" basis (in ms)?A packet switch receives a packet and determines the outbound link to which the packet should be forwarded. When the packet arrives, one other packet is halfway done being transmitted on this outbound link and four other packets are waiting to be transmitted. Packets are transmitted in order of arrival. Suppose all packets are 1,500 bytes and the link rate is 2 Mbps. What is the queuing delay for the packet? More generally, what is the queuing delay when all packets have length L, the transmission rate is R, x bits of the currently-being-transmitted packet have been transmitted, and n packets are already in the queue?TCP a. Consider two TCP connections, one between Hosts A (sender) and B (receiver), and another between Hosts C (sender) and D (receiver). The RTT between A and B is half that of the RTT between C and D. Suppose that the senders' (A's and C's) congestion window sizes are identical. Is their throughput (number of segments transmitted per second) the same? Explain. b. Now suppose that the average RTT between A and B, and C and D are identical. The RTT between A and B is constant (never varies), but the RTT between C and D varies considerably. Will the TCP timer values of the two connections differ, and if so, how are they different, and why are they different? Give one reason why TCP uses a three-way (SYN, SYNACK, ACK) handshake rather than a two-way handshake to initiate a connection. a.
- 22. A datagram subnet allows routers to drop packets whenever they need to. The probability of a router discarding a packet is p. Consider the case of a source host connected to the source router, which is connected to the destination router, and then to the destination host. If either of the routers discards a packet, the source host eventually times out and tries again. If both host-router and router-router lines are counted as hops, what is the mean number of a. (a) hops a packet makes per transmission? b. (b) transmissions a packet makes? (c) hops required per received packet?22. A datagram subnet allows routers to drop packets whenever they need to. The probability of a router discarding a packet is p. Consider the case of a source host connected to the source router, which is connected to the destination router, and then to the destination host. If either of the routers discards a packet, the source host eventually times out and tries again. If both host-router and router-router lines are counted as hops, what is the mean number of a. (a) hops a packet makes per transmission? b. (b) transmissions a packet makes? c. (c) hops required per received packet?5.03-5. Dijkstra's Algorithm (3, part 5). Consider the network shown below, and Dijkstra's link-state algorithm. Suppose that Dijkstra's algorithm has been run to compute the least cost paths from node E to all other nodes. Now suppose that source node E has a packet to send to destination node A. What is the first router to which E will forward this packet on its path to A? OF (A) 3 2 4 B 8 D 10 4 E 4 2 F
- Hop-by-hop congestion control. We learned about end-to-end and network-assisted congestion control. A third type of congestion control (mostly deployed only in internal data-center networks) is hop-by-hop congestion control. In this approach a downstream router/host explicitly informs the previous hop upstream router/host about the amount of free buffer space it has available, and the upstream router will only forward a packet when it knows the downstream router has buffer space. Consider the three-hop scenario shown below, where the first and third links have capacity R, and the link between the routers has capacity R/2. With hop-by-hop congestion control, will the sender need to retransmit due to buffer overflow? O Yes O No Host A Host B -in: original data R in original plus retransmitted R/2 R -λoutQuestion 5: Suppose you attach a network monitor to observe the sequence of frames that travel over a link from sender A to receiver B. The problem is to deduce what protocols, if any, could have generated the observed sequence. The following diagrams depict a flow of frames, with their corresponding sequence numbers, from the sender (A). There may be traffic from B to A, which is not depicted in the diagram. A gap between adjacent frames implies passage of time with no transmission from the sender. Note that the x-axis is time, and not space. Justify your answer. A A A ● ● ● ● 1 5 ● 3 5 0 ● 0 0 1 1 1 ● Go-Back-N ● Selective Repeat 1 0 5 0 c) For Diagram 3, the protocol is not: Stop-and-Wait Time Diagram 1 2 Time a) For Diagram 1, the most likely protocol being used is: Stop-and-Wait ● Go-Back-N (if Go-Back-N, give the window size) Selective Repeat (if Selective Repeat, give the window size) Diagram 2 Time 3 Diagram 3 1 Time b) For Diagram 2, the most likely protocol being used is:…Data Communication Suppose that Router A and Router B are connected via a 0.05 Mbps link (note, 1 Mbps = 106 bps) and that the link connecting the two routers has a length of 80 meters. Suppose that Router A is in the process oftransmitting a packet, and that there are 15 additional packets in the queue of the router, when a new packet arrives at Router A. Assume the followinga. Every packet consists of 15,000 bits.b. 5000 bits of the currently-being-transmitted packet has been transmitted by Router A when the new packet arrives at Router A. c. Propagation speed of a bit over the link connecting the two routersis 2 ? 103 meters/sec.d. Processing delay of a packet at a router takes 1 millisecond (i.e., 0.001 seconds).What is the total delay of the new packet in arriving at Router B, i.e., how long does it take the new packet to arrive at Router B from the time it arrived at Router A? In your solution, clearly identify all four delay components the new packet experiences.