Answer each of the following with a word, phrase, or numeral (4 points each = 16 points).Please label your answers as (a), (b), (c) and (d).(a) Among (i) hydrophobic effect, (ii) van der Waals interactions, (iii) hydrogen bonds and (iv)conformational entropy, the force disfavoring duplex B-DNA formation from single strands.(b) Reason why salt bridges at the surfaces of cytosolic proteins are weak.(c) Type of nucleic acid duplex that forms when all glycosidic bonds are anti, chains areantiparallel, and all sugar puckers are C3' endo.(d) Amino acid that is most commonly found in the cis configuration in proteins.

As a result of the hydrophobic effect, van der Waals contacts, hydrogen bonds, and conformational…

Answered: Answer each of the following with a…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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TRUE OR FALSE a) The 2 chains composing one double helix run in opposite directions; they are antiparallel (one is 5’->3’ and the other 3’->5’). b) DNA molecules can perform their function in replication and transcription as long as the hydrogen bonds between the bases remain intact.
Consider the following in light of the concept of levels of structure (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary)as defined for proteins.(a) What level is shown by double-stranded DNA?(b) What level is shown by tRNA?(c) What level is shown by mRNA?
Which of the following statements is (are) true? (a) The two strands of DNA run parallel from their 5' to their 3' ends. (b) An adenine–thymine base pair contains three hydrogen bonds. (c) Positively charged counterions are associated with DNA. (d) DNA base pairs are always perpendicular to the helix axis
Discuss (as comprehensively but as concisely as possible) the role of protein folding in any (one) of the following diseases. Suggest an accepted appropriate treatment for the disease. Cite your references. (a) Alzheimer’s disease (b) Parkinson’s disease (c) Cystic fibrosis (d) Gaucher’s disease
Assume that the number of different types of bases in RNA is four. What would be the minimum codon size (number of nucleotides) required to specify all amino acids if the number of different types of amino acids in proteins were (a) 2, (b) 8, (c) 17, (d) 45, (e) 75?
Number of hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine? * (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
If a polyribonucleotide contains equal amounts ofrandomly positioned adenine and uracil bases, what proportion of its triplets will encode (a) phenylalanine, (b)isoleucine, (c) leucine, (d) tyrosine?
Describe the functions of the following proteins during DNA breaks and repair: (i) Ku70 (ii) Uracil DNA glycosylase
Which conformation of DNA – (i) totally double helix, (ii) minimally unwound or (iii) largely unwound – would have the highest relative absorbance at 260 nm. Would a molecule of DNA having a higher content of guanine and cytosine than of adenine and thymine have a higher or lower melting temperature (Tm) than one with the reverse composition?
True or False for each question ( ) Guanine, Adenine, Uracil, and Cytosine are commonly found in both DNA and RNA. ( ) The DNA nucleotide sequence was elucidated by Watson and Crick from considerations of x-ray structure data generated by Rosalind Franklin, Chargaff’s rule, and molecular modeling. ( ) The phosphodiester backbone in major grooves in DNA are closer together than in minor grooves. ( ) Major grooves in DNA are often sites where DNA-binding proteins bind. ( ) Base stacking in DNA results in hydrophobic effects and van der Waals interactions that provide stability to the DNA double helix. ( ) Due to stacking interaction, double-stranded DNA absorbs less light at 260 nm than light absorbed by single-stranded DNA. ( ) DNA melting temperature (Tm) for a region of DNA is the temperature at which all of the DNA molecules are denatured to the single-stranded state. ( ) Sequences rich in G-C base pairs have more stability than…
The Bacteria Escherichia coli DNA genome has a molecular mass of about 3.1 X 10° D. In your answers, show how you came up to each result? (a) How many base pairs does this bacterium contain? (b) How many full double-helical turns does this DNA contain? (c) How long is this DNA in µm?
(a) Answer all sections (i)- (Iv). Below is given the structure of three anti-HIV drugs: OH Meo. OMe NH Ph Nevirapine Atazanavir Staudivine (i) Give the drug target and discuss the anti-HIV mechanism of each of these drugs. Vaccines are an attractive prophylactic treatment against both viral and bacterial diseases. A number of glycaconjugate vaccines using bacterial polysaccharide structures conjugated to protein carriers have been introduced into mass vaccination schemes with excellent results. What differences are there in the immune response to a glycoconjugate vaccine as compared to a polysaccharide vaccine? These glycoconjugate va nes has been used for 30 years without any change in their structures, while the composition of the flu vaccine, based on attenuated or killed virus particies, is changed from year to year. Discuss the reason behind this. (iv) Discuss why it has not been possible to develop a (part structure) vaccine against the HIV virus, based on either I) viral…

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