all of the following are true regarding the reprogramming of energy metabolism in cancer cells EXCEPT: a. increase expression of M1 pyruvate kinase b. increase of GLUT1 of plasma membrane C. use pyruvate to build biomolecules for growth d. converts pyruvate to lactase please explain
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- Why would LDH be up- or down-regulated depending on location of cancer cells? Anaerobic cancer cells enhance rates of ATP production and rely on pyruvate to lactate conversion. LDH5 expressed can vary in favoring pyruvate for conversion to lactate (anaerobic metabolism). Aerobic compartments in newly formed fibrobasts and vessels use lactate to convert to pyruvate for oxidative phosphorylation and favor lactate conversion to pyruvate by LDH1 (aerobic metabolism). Lactate dehydrogenase is upregulated in both cancer cells and supporting stroma and vessels, thus only LDH5 is upregulated showing enhanced expression levels and thus presence at the plasma membrane to increase levels of lactate for export, LDH1 levels are always consistent. LDH1 is upregulated in response to the export of lactate by MCT1, while LDH5 is down-regulated Neither LDH1 or LDH5 are both consistently expressed, regardless of oxygen levelsWhat type of regulation would be expected when anaerobic metabolism is occurring in the muscle? Select all that apply. O Activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase O Increased levels of calcium to activate pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase O Phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase O Inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex O Increased levels of NADH to activate citrate synthase O Increased levels of NADH to inhibit alpha-ketogluterate dehydrogenase complex O Increased levels of acetyl CoA to activate pyruvate carboxylase for gluconeogenesisPhosphofructokinase-1 is the main flux controlling enzyme for glycolysis. It is inhibited by high [ATP]. There exist metabolic circumstances in which the inhibition by ATP is overridden. Draw velocity vs. [S] graphs showing the inhibition of PFK-1 activity by ATP and the circumstance in which the inhibition by ATP is overridden.
- Lactate is usually removed from the musele cells by a(n). that also transports antiporter, H* antiporter, K+ O symporter, H+ O symporter, K+ Select the statements that are true for lactic acid fermentation carried out in muscle cells. O This process results in a net synthesis of NADH. O This process is inhibited by AMP. O This process releases energy. O This process is inhibited by ATP. O This process increases the pH in the musele fibers.What would be the effect of the Glucagon initiated cascade on inhibition of ATP Synthase by IF1? Metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells correlates to an enhanced expression of IF1. What would be the effect on the TCA? Why might that lead to lactoacidosis?Make a concept map using all of the following terms: GlycolysisOxidation of PyruvateCitric Acid CycleElectron Transport ChainChemiosmosisGlucoseOxidative Phos.Substrate level phosphatePyruvateacetyl-CoACO2OxygenWaterreduced elec. carriers (NADH)oxidized elec. carriers (NAD+)High enerGy Elec.Low enerGy Elec.H+ GradientADP + PiATP
- Energy production pathway is targeted by drugs in the malignent cancerous cells to control an x cancer type. Use your speculation and tell targeting and destroying which one energy producing agent of the oxidative phosphorylation will be most effected in blocking most of the energy production and why?Which of the following is likely to be correct if all mutases are completely inhibited?a. Removal of glucosyl residues from nonreducing ends of glycogen in the liver is compromised;therefore, release of free glucose into blood from the liver would decreaseb. Glycerol can be efficiently converted into glucose but cannot be efficiently converted into glucosylresidues in glycogen in the liverc. Bothaandbd. Neither a nor bWhat would you expect if a patient carries a mutation in Hexokinase IV (HKIV) that lowers the Km from 10mM to 4mM? O HKIV is still regulated by its product G6P so nothing will change This change is irrelevant since HKIV is only expressed in muscle cells mutant HKIV will have a greater change in reaction velocity in response to change in Glucose levels O mutant HKIV will have a reduced change in reaction velocity in response to change in Glucose levels O Mutant HKIV will always be less saturated by glucose compared to WT HKIV
- Glycolysis and Krebs cycle pror TWGPalygXphYW9-zKh7Bt-bdNc75nprw176dBUWOA mResponse 23. Select the situation that will NOT happen if ATP synthase is not functioning. O A. Damage to the chemiosmosis process. B. The number of ATP produced is reduced. C. ATP can be produced through oxidative phosphorylation. D. Accumulation of proton ions in the intercellular membrane. 24. Oxidation of organic compounds that produced carbon dioxide, water and release of free energy causing reduction of the final acceptor molecule: oxygen. Justify the reason. ray bonds than those inWhat do you think would be the effect on oxidative phosphorylation of the following mutations of F1 or F0 ATPase subunits? Be as specific as possible. A. Subunit c Asp61 to Leu B. Subunit c Asp61 to Asn C. Subunit a Asn214 to Asp D. Subunit a Ser206 to AlaAntagonist binds to the enzyme at a site far away from the receptor site to inhibit the function of an enzyme. Select one: O True O False Glycolysis is a reductive process because glucose is reduced to form pyruvate. Select one: O True O False Hexokinase catalyses an irreversible reaction in glycolysis. Select one: O True O False