About 10% of lung cancer patients are cured of the disease, i.e., they survive 5 years after diagnosis with no evidence that the cancer has returned. Only 14% of lung cancer patients survive 5 yearsafter diagnosis. Assume that the fraction of incurable lung cancer patients that survives a time t after diagnosis is given by exp(-kt).Find an expression for the fraction S(t) of lung cancer patients who survive a time t after being diagnosed with the disease. Be sure to determine the values of all of the constants in your answer.(Round k to four decimal places.)S(t) =What fraction of lung cancer patients survives 8 years with the disease? (Round your answer to four decimal places.)12

The question asks for two things: an expression for the fraction of lung cancer patients who survive…

Answered: About 10% of lung cancer patients are…

Phlebotomy Essentials

6th Edition

ISBN:9781451194524

Author:Ruth McCall, Cathee M. Tankersley MT(ASCP)

Publisher:Ruth McCall, Cathee M. Tankersley MT(ASCP)

Chapter1: Phlebotomy: Past And Present And The Healthcare Setting

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1SRQ

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The ABO blood group antigens are the terminal sugars covalently linked to the end of the glycolipid in the red blood cellmembrane. The H antigen is the precursor of the A and Bantigens. Individuals with type A blood produce a gene thatcodes for an enzyme that adds N-acetylgalactosamine in ana(1,3) linkage to the Gal* residue in the H antigen. Type Bblood requires that an enzyme add a d-a galactose in an a(1,3) linkage to the Gal*. Draw the structures of the A andB antigens.
One form of anemia results when individuals have a deficiency in the enzyme phosphatidylinositol glycan A (PIGA). This enzyme is required for the membrane attachment of proteins anchored by glycolipids to the plasma membrane, using what is called a ‘GPI-linkage.’ Included in the group of GPI-linked cell surface proteins is DAF/CD55. These individuals become anemic because: DAF/CD55 prevents the lysis of red blood cells by infecting pathogens. DAF/CD55 normally prevents the spleen from clearing healthy red blood cells from the circulation. In the absence of PIGA, the red blood cell membrane is bare of proteins allowing increased access of complement activating proteins to attach to the cell membrane. DAF/CD55 is a complement inhibitory protein that inactivates any C3 convertase that may form on host cell surfaces. In the absence of PIGA, red blood cells are unable to synthesize high levels of hemoglobin.
When human hemoglobin undergoes a mutation, the mutant protein usually does not replace all of the normal HbA in the red blood cells or erythrocytes of the individual. The erythro- cytes contain mixtures of varying amounts of both HbA and the mutant protein depending on the mutation and the individual. Hb Yakima is a mutant human Hb with an Asp-(B99)His mutation. The diagram on the right shows that Hb Yakima was separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography from HbA with a 0 – 0.1 M linear gradient of NaCl buffered to pH 8.3. Why is chromatog- raphy carried out at pH 8.3? If the isoelectric point of HbA is 6.85, what is the change in total charge caused by the mutation?How does the change in charge explain the chromatography elution profile of the Hb Yakima/HbA mixture? 1,5 -Hb-A Hb -Yakima 1.0 0.5- 20 40 60 80 00 Fraction number O.D578 nm
Blood lactate is a biochemical by-product that is produced during high-intensity exercise due to insufficient oxygen intake. Commercially available drinks advertised as oxygen sup- plements claim to increase exercise performance and decrease the postexercise recovery period by decreasing the accumulation and accelerating the removal of blood lactate. To test this claim, researchers conducted a controlled experiment to compare the concen- tration of blood lactate during exercise and during recovery between two participant groups, one that ingested oxygen-supplemented water and another that ingested regular water. ( blood lactate (mmol/liter) C A B start с Exercise D middle -o-oxygen-supplemented water --regular water finish blood lactate (millimole/liter) b N The mean blood lactate concentration during exercise (left) and recovery (right) Which of the following best describes the results of the experiment? Recovery 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 time (mins) --oxygen-supplemented water…
One of the treatments for sickle cell anemia is hydroxyurea, which is known to induce the expression and production of fetal hemoglobin through a poorly defined mechanism. Explain how the increased expression of fetal hemoglobin can be a useful treatment for sickle cell anemia.
Blood lactate is a biochemical by-product that is produced during high-intensity exercise due to insufficient oxygen intake. Commercially available drinks advertised as oxygen sup- plements claim to increase exercise performance and decrease the postexercise recovery period by decreasing the accumulation and accelerating the removal of blood lactate. To test this claim, researchers conducted a controlled experiment to compare the concen- tration of blood lactate during exercise and during recovery between two participant groups, one that ingested oxygen-supplemented water and another that ingested regular water. blood lactate (millimole/liter) U A B start с Exercise D middle -o-oxygen-supplemented water regular water finish The mean blood lactate concentration during exercise (left) and recovery (right) Which of the following identifies the dependent variable in this experiment? the concentration of blood lactate the duration of the recovery period blood lactate (mmol/liter) the…
During periods of sustained demand and in the presence of sufficient nutrients, muscle cells can increase in size. When the size of muscle cells increases, they will often develop additional nuclei in their intracellular environment. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the expression of additional nu- clei in growing muscle cells? A B с D Nutrients entering the cells will be digested and recycled more quickly by the additional nuclei to better support the subcellular components in the cell as its size increases. The ATP molecules that are produced in the additional nuclei will be able to better sup- port the increased energetic demands on the muscle cell as its size increases. The addition of more nuclei to the cell will allow more genetic information to be stored in the cell and allow the cell to produce additional types of proteins as its size increases. Additional nuclei allow subcellular components to continue to be sufficiently expressed and transferred…
Some people have a genetic predisposition for developing priondiseases. Examples are described in Table 25.6. In the case ofGerstmann-Straüssler-Scheinker disease, the age of onset istypically 30–50 years, and the duration of the disease (whichleads to death) is about 5 years. Suggest a possible explanationwhy someone can live for a relatively long time withoutsymptoms and then succumb to the disease in a relativelyshort time.
One of the causes of morbidity for the Zika Virus is Guillain-Barré Syndrome, an immune attack of nerve cells. One possible mechanism for this is the virus's interference with normal immune function. In HIV the virus uses the CD4 receptor to enter T-cells. To assess if this might be a possibility in Zika infections BLAST the CD4 Reference Sequence (NG 027688.1) against the Zika Virus (taxid:64320) choosing "blastn" under Program Selection (select all that apply): O None of the recovered sequences have identities of greater than 80%. O Multiple Zika virus isolates are observed to have E-values of less than 0.02. O High scoring BLAST hits are observed in Zika virus isolates from humans, mosquitoes, and monkeys. O The BLAST hits return a partial cds collected in Uganda in 1947 - isolate Uganda1947.
Considerable effort has been directed toward determining the genes in which sequence variation contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes. Approximately 800 genes have been implicated. Propose an explanation for this observation.
B. Shiga toxin (Stx) is a potent A-B toxin that inhibits protein synthesis and has a lethal dose 50 (LD50) of approximately 20 ng/kg of body weight in rabbits (meaning that 1 µg of Stx would be lethal for half the people exposed to this dose). Nonetheless, cell lines derived from different mammalian tissues range from highly susceptible (cytotoxic dose 50 [CD50] of approximately 10 pg/ml) to completely resistant (CD50 > 1 µg/ml). What cellular or molecular differences do you think account for susceptibility and resistance of these cell lines? Note: LD50 is the dose at which 50% of the test subjects die. In this case, it was determined for rabbits given intravenous injections of the toxin. CD50 is the concentration at which 50% of the cells die. Measure mostly used for tissue culture lab experiment.
Li- Fraumeni Syndrome (LFS) is a rare hereditary cancer disease due to a mutation in the TP53 gene. Propose a treatment strategy for LFS.

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