8. How would the increased stimulus intensity lead to more muscle activity (i.e., increased force)? Indicate in what way the items below would change, if at all? Voltage-gated calcium channels open in motor neuron: Less / more / no change / not applicable • Neurocrine released by the motor neuron: Less / more / no change / not applicable Less / more / no change / not applicable • Amount of acetylcholinesterase: • GPCR activated in muscle by neurocrine: Less / more / no change / not applicable Ligand-gated channels activated in muscle: Less / more / no change / not applicable • Number of voltage-gated channels in muscle: Less / more / no change / not applicable • Intracellular calcium: Less / more / no change / not applicable Less / more / no change / not applicable • Activation of troponin: • Available binding sites on actin for myosin heads: Less / more / no change / not applicable

8. How would the increased stimulus intensity lead to more muscle activity (i.e., increased force)? Indicate in what way the items below would change, if at all? Voltage-gated calcium channels open in motor neuron: Less / more / no change / not applicable • Neurocrine released by the motor neuron: Less / more / no change / not applicable Less / more / no change / not applicable • Amount of acetylcholinesterase: • GPCR activated in muscle by neurocrine: Less / more / no change / not applicable Ligand-gated channels activated in muscle: Less / more / no change / not applicable • Number of voltage-gated channels in muscle: Less / more / no change / not applicable • Intracellular calcium: Less / more / no change / not applicable Less / more / no change / not applicable • Activation of troponin: • Available binding sites on actin for myosin heads: Less / more / no change / not applicable

Medical Terminology for Health Professions, Spiral bound Version (MindTap Course List)

8th Edition

ISBN:9781305634350

Author:Ann Ehrlich, Carol L. Schroeder, Laura Ehrlich, Katrina A. Schroeder

Publisher:Ann Ehrlich, Carol L. Schroeder, Laura Ehrlich, Katrina A. Schroeder

Chapter4: The Muscular System

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 32LE: A _______________ is a drug that causes temporary paralysis by blocking the transmis- sion of nerve...

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1. Over time, performing drop jumps can increase agonist muscles force generation via decrease inhibitory impulses by reducing asynchronization autogenic inhibition frequency of stimulation coactivation
11. Arrange the following in statements in the order that they occur, by adding a number: nf.e ACh is released into the synaptic cleft The action potential, carried deep into the cell, causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium ions The muscle cell relaxes and lengthens ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors on the plasma membrane of the muscle cell The calcium ion concentration at the myofilaments increases, the myofilaments slide past one another, and the cell shortens Depolarization occurs, and an action potential is generated As calcium is actively reabsorbed into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, its concentration at the myofilaments decreases
Increased sensory discharge from muscle spindles :-a- decreases muscle toneb- increases muscle tonec- could either increase or decrease muscle tone according to the muscle affectedd- has no effect on muscle tone
How is the muscular contraction stopped (i.e.: how does a muscle relax after contraction)? 1. The brain stops sending the nerve impulse that commands the muscle to contract, interrupting communication at the neuromuscular junction 2. Acetylcholineesterase (AChE) is released into the synaptic cleft to destroy any remaining Acetylcholine 3. No mechanism is necessary. When the antagonist begins to contract, it forces relaxation and stretch of the agonist muscle. 4. Relaxation occurs as the myosin heads are "snapped" off of the thick filaments. This interrupts the crossbridge and allows for muscles to stretch 5. Relaxation only occurs if the brain sends a "stop" signal to the muscle
Use choices from the following word bank to fill in the blanks 13 - 22: Calcium ions Acetylcholine Troponin T-tubules Myosin Action potential Motor end plate Synaptic cleft Аxon АТР An action potential travels down the 13. Ахon of the motor neuron until it reaches the presynaptic terminal. The action potential causes the release of the neurotransmitter 14._Synaptic cleft from the presynaptic terminal. This and binds to its neurotransmitter diffuses across the 15. This binding creates an receptors on the 16. which travels down the sarcolemma and down 17. the to the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic 18. 76°F arch
Which of the following alters the force of skeletal muscle contraction? the frequency of stimulation does NOT alter the force of skeletal muscle contraction alters the force of skeletal muscle contraction the size of the fibers being stimulated does NOT alter the force of skeletal muscle contraction alters the force of skeletal muscle contraction the number of muscle fibers stimulated does NOT alter the force of skeletal muscle contraction alters the force of skeletal muscle contraction the length- tension relationship of the muscle does NOT alter the force of skeletal muscle contraction alters the force of skeletal muscle contraction
VII. Real life problem. You are a trainer and are called on to the field where a player is down with a severe cramp of his right hamstring (biceps femoris) muscle. You know that cramps are caused by over-active motor nerve activity to the muscle. Your associates want to stretch the cramping hamstring, but you say, “No! I want the player to concentrate on contracting his right quadriceps muscles before we stretch.” 2. Why would contracting the opposing muscle rapidly improve the situation?
A _______________ is a drug that causes temporary paralysis by blocking the transmis- sion of nerve stimuli to the muscles. neuromuscular blocker skeletal muscle relaxant
1. Choose (place an X) whether the characteristic applies to the Nervous System or Endocrine System (or both) Characteristic Action is generally brief (lasting milliseconds). Action generally lasts longer (seconds to days). Mediator molecules delivered to target by bloodstream. Action potentials trigger release of mediator molecules at synapse with target. Target cells require specific protein receptor for mediator molecule. Stimulates skeletal muscle contractions. Influence is much broader; will regulate virtually all types of body cells. Controls growth & development and regulates reproductive systems. Maintains internal environments (homeostasis) Nervous Endocrine Mediator molecules include acetylcholine, glutamate, norepinephrine, serotonin Mediator molecules include aldosterone, melatonin, insulin, calcitonin
7. A severe laceration to a wrist completely severed a major muscle tendon. To suture the ends of the tendon together, the surgeon had to overlap the severed ends by 7.5 cm. What change in passive and maximum active tensions of the muscle would occur as compared to corresponding tensions at resting length of the muscle before injury? A. B. C. D. E. Passive Increase Decrease Increase Increase No change Maximum Active Decrease Decrease Increase No change No change
e. M line: Photo courtesy of LUMEN (Loyola University Medical Education Network) 5. On the photograph above, label the A band, I band, z disc, and a sarcomere. I 6. The sliding filament theory is used to explain the physiology of skeletal muscle contraction. On your own, using what you have learned from this activity, write your own description of what the sliding filament theory states.
How would exposure to a sarin or sarin-like chemical affect calcium levels inside the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of a skeletal muscle? Group of answer choices An increased frequency of action potentials would lead to decreased calcium levels in the SR A decreased frequency of action potentials would lead to decreased calcium levels in the SR An increased frequency of action potentials would lead to increased calcium levels in the SR A decreased frequency of action potentials would lead to increased calcium levels in the SR pick one answer