4. Peculiarities of hormonal regulation of glycogen metabolism in muscles and liver.
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4. Peculiarities of hormonal regulation of glycogen
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- 18. Diametrically opposed . Phosphorylation has opposite effects on glycogen synthesis and breakdown. What is the advantage of its having opposing effects?12. Describe glycogen metabolism along with its regulation.16. Both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are controlled by the level of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate in response to hormones. true or false?
- 1.a. Given what you know about glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, does it make sense that insulin activates PDH phosphatase? Why? b.How do vitamins increase to the breadth of chemical reactions available within a biological system?26. Which of the following statements is correct? A. Insulin can activate pyruvate carboxylase B. More energy in the form of ATP is required to synthesize glucose from pyruvate than can be obtained from glucose by glycolysis alone C. Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate is a modulator that can stimulate either glycolysis or gluconeogenesis, depending on cellular glucose concentration D. All of the above3. In one or two words, explain the following statement: In liver, glucagon stimulates glycogen breakdown via cAMP. Although one might expect glucagon to also stimulate catabolism of glucose formed, glucagon inhibits glycolysis and stimulate gluconeogenesis in liver.
- 2. A person performs intense exercise (for example, runs away from danger) 30 minutes after a carbohydrate-rich lunch. Why does the glycogen synthesis stop in skeletal muscles in this situation? Why is glycogen breakdown stimulated? To answer the questions: a) write a diagram of glycogen synthesis, specify the reactions associated with energy consumption when a glucose molecule is included in a growing glycogen chain; b) write the glycogen mobilization diagram and calculate the ATP amount that can be produced if glucose 1-phosphate is further oxidized to CO, and H,O in the muscles; c) indicate the hormone with an increased level in blood under stress situations, and how this hormone affects the activity of regulatory enzymes of glycogen synthesis and breakdown.28. functional insulin requires the association of two polypeptides known as the A and B chains1.. Discuss how the inability to synthesize insulin and glucagon would impact lipid and/or carbohydrate metabolism.