4. Consider the following variant of the Prisoner's Dilemma game: Player 1 is unsure whether Player 2 is "nice" or "selfish", while Player 2 knows Player 1's preferences. Further suppose that Player 1's preferences depend on whether Player 2 is nice or selfish. Specifically, suppose that there is a probability p that Player 2 is "selfish", in which case the game is given as follows. Game with Selfish Player 2 Player1/Player 2 Cooperate (C) Don't Cooperate (D) Cooperate (C) 4, 4 0,6 Don't Cooperate (D) 6, 0 2, 2 And Player 2 is "nice" with probability 1-p, in which case the following game results.
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- 2. Consider the following Bayesian game with two players. Both players move simultaneously and player 1 can choose either H or L, while player 2's options are G, M, and D. With probability 1/2 the payoffs are given by "Game 1" : GMD H 1,2 1,0 1,3 L 2,4 0,0 0,5 and with probability 1/2 the payoffs are according to "Game 2" : G |M|D H 1,2 1,3 1,0 L 2,4 0,5 0,0 (a) Find the Nash Equilibria when neither player knows which game is actually played. (b) Assume now that player 2 knows which one among the two games is actually being played. Check that the game has a unique Bayesian Nash Equilibrium.Consider a setting in which player 1 moves first by choosing among threeactions: a, b, and c. After observing the choice of player 1, player 2 choosesamong two actions: x and y. Consider the following three variants as towhat player 3 can do and what she knows when she moves:a. If player 1 chose a, then player 3 selects among two actions: high andlow. Player 3 knows player 2’s choice when she moves. Write down theextensive form of this setting. (You can ignore payoffs.)b. If player 1 chose a, then player 3 selects among two actions: high andlow. Player 3 does not know player 2’s choice when she moves. Writedown the extensive form of this setting. (You can ignore payoffs.)c. If player 1 chose either a or b, then player 3 selects among two actions: high and low. Player 3 observes the choice of player 2, but not that of player 1. Write down the extensive form of this setting.(You can ignore payoffs.)4. David plays in a game where his strategy (set of possible choices) is denoted by x, which can be any integer between 1 and 7, against Goliath, whose strategy is denoted by y, which can be any integer between 1 and 7. David's and Goliath's utility functions are the same and given by: U(x, y) = (x-2)(y-2). Based on this information, determine whether each of the following statements are true or false. (a) The combination (x, y) = (2, 2) is a Nash equilibrium. (b) This game has no dominant strategy (a choice of integer that gives the highest payoff regardless of what the opponent chooses). (c) This game has only one dominated strategy (a choice of integer that would never be a best response to the opponent's choice of integer).
- Question 28 Suppose the following game: I Player 1 nice nice Player 2 50, 50 mean 90,20 Which of the following is true? mean 20,90 30, 30 O Both players play "mean" with a 70 % chance, and "nice" with a 30% chance. O There is no Nash Equilibrium in pure strategies, there is only one Nash Equilibrium in mixed strategies. Both players play "nice" with a 70% chance, and "mean" with a 30% chance. There is no Nash Equilibrium in mixed strategies, there is only one Nash Equilibrium in pure strategies.5. Consider a simultaneous game in which player A chooses one of two actions (Up or Down), and B chooses one of two actions (Left or Right). The game has the following payoff matrix, where the first payoff in each entry is for A and the second for B.(8 points) B Right Left 3,3 5,1 Down 2,2 4,4 a. Find the Nash equilibrium or equilibria. b. Which player, if any, has a dominant strategy? A UpExercise 6.8. Consider the following extensive-form game with cardinal payoffs: 1 R O player pay 000 2 1 M 3 b 010 O player 3's payoff 1 2 221 2 000 0 0 (a) Find all the pure-strategy Nash equilibria. Which ones are also subgame perfect? (b) [This is a more challenging question] Prove that there is no mixed-strategy Nash equilibrium where Player 1 plays Mwith probability strictly between 0 and 1.
- Player 2 C D A Player 1 2,3 В 6, —2 | 4, 3 7,8 Select the value corresponding to the probability with which player 2 plays C in the mixed strategy Nash equilibrium: O 1/8 O 1/6 1/5 O 1/4 1/3 1/2 2/3 O 3/4 4/5 O 5/64. Consider the following game, expressed in dollar terms: R $3,$2 $0,$1 D $1,80 $2,$1 (a) Suppose, first, that this game is played by two egoists, for whom u(x,y)=x. Compute all Nash equilibria in pure strategies. (5 points) (b) Is there an equilibrium in mixed strategies? If there is, compute the probability p with which player I plays U and the probability q with which player II plays L. Also, compute the amount of utility each player gets in the equilibrium. (5 points) (c) Are any of these Nash equilibria trembling-hand perfect? (5 points) (d) Suppose, next, that this game is played by two utilitarians, for whom u(x,y)=x+y. Compute all Nash equilibria in pure and mixed strategies. (5 points)4. Consider the following grenade game. First, player 1 chooses between giving player 2 $500 and giving player 2 nothing. Second, player 2 observes player 1's move and then chooses whether or not to explode a grenade that will kill both players. What is the subgame-perfect Nash equilibria?
- Suppose players A and B play a discrete ultimatum game where A proposes to split a $5 surplus and B responds by either accepting the offer or rejecting it. The offer can only be made in $1 increments. If the offer is accepted, the players' payoffs resemble the terms of the offer while if the offer is rejected, both players get zero. Also assume that players always use the strategy that all strictly positive offers are accepted, but an offer of $0 is rejected. A. What is the solution to the game in terms of player strategies and payoffs? Explain or demonstrate your answer. B. Suppose the ultimatum game is played twice if player B rejects A's initial offer. If so, then B is allowed to make a counter offer to split the $5, and if A rejects, both players get zero dollars at the end of the second round. What is the solution to this bargaining game in terms of player strategies and payoffs? Explain/demonstrate your answer. C. Suppose the ultimatum game is played twice as in (B) but now there…Consider a repeated game with the following stage game: Player 1 O O O Cooperate Not Cooperate This game is repeated T-120 times, and t each period both players must choose their actions simultaneously. The players are deciding whether or not to cooperate specifically, whether or not to follow this cooperation strategy: r≤ 3 S|S|AW|N N|H "Each player will play cooperate as long as no one has played Not Cooperate before. If someone has played Not Cooperate before, then each player will play Not Cooperate forever." rs 5 rs Player 2 In this case, cooperation will be possible if the interest rate r is Not Cooperate 5,15 10, 10 None of the above Cooperate 12, 12 15,510. Player A and Player B are playing a game . First , Player A chooses to either " Keep " or " Pass " . Second , Player B observes A's choice and Player B then chooses to either Keep or Pass . This process continues which creates the sequential game below . Please mark decisions that rational and selfish players will choose at every decision node ( 3 decisions by player A and 3 decisions by player B ) - mark them on the Figure . What is the equilibrium of this game ?