27. Which of the following vitamin is required for glycogen phosphorylase? Pyridoxal phosphate b. Thiamine pyrophosphate a. С. Riboflavin d. Lipoic acid
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- All of the following are substrate for gluconeogenesis, except- A. Glucogenic amino acids B. Lactate C. Glycerol D. Acetyl Co A26. Which of the following statements is correct? A. Insulin can activate pyruvate carboxylase B. More energy in the form of ATP is required to synthesize glucose from pyruvate than can be obtained from glucose by glycolysis alone C. Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate is a modulator that can stimulate either glycolysis or gluconeogenesis, depending on cellular glucose concentration D. All of the above1. Discuss fully the synthesis of triacylglycerol in the adipose tissue, muscles, intestines and liver. 2. Describe adequately the beta-oxidation of fatty acids. 3. Discuss the synthesis and utilization of ketone bodies.
- Define the following terms: a. ketogenic amino acid b. glucogenic amino acid c. L-amino acid oxidase d. Krebs urea cycle e. CPSI10. Glycogen, as the main storage form of glucosc, is an important energy reservoir. Describe the role of glycogen in providing the body with energy. To answer: a) write a scheme for glycogen mobilization, and oxidation of the end product to CO, and H,O; b) mark the reactions associated with ATP synthesis and ATP consumption in the scheme, calculate the oxidation energy yield of I mole of the final product resulting from glycogen breakdown; 1L An unconscious man with sions of alcobol poisonino was taken to the hosnital28. functional insulin requires the association of two polypeptides known as the A and B chains
- 1. Explain the reaction mechanism involved how glucogenic amino acids can yield either a pyruvic acid or an oxaloacetic acid. In what pathway will pyruvic or oxaloacetic acid be used and why is this pathway important? 2. Discuss the reaction mechanism involved how the -NH2 groups of amino acids are being metabolized. 3. Explain why gluconeogenesis under conditions of starvation or diabetes breaks down body proteins. Complete answer please. Thank you. |1. Match the figure and the letter. The scheme of glycogen degradation: Enzyme: A. Phosphoglucomutase. B. al,6-glycosidase. C. Glycogen phosphorylase. D. Phosphatase. E. Oligosaccharyltransferase. 304 Chapter 6. Carbohydrate metabolism 888 2 утвенный cumem H,PO, Glucose-6-phosphateYou have a crude lysate sample (CL) containing a mixture of six proteins (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ẞ- galactosidase), and your goal is to obtain purified ẞ-gal. Some characteristics of these proteins are shown in the table below. Protein Alcohol dehydrogenase Carbonic anhydrase Insulin B chain Phosphorylase B Glutamic dehydrogenase B-galactosidase 45% Concentration of ammonium sulfate (AS) required for precipitation Molecular Weight (kDa) Isoelectric point (pl) 38 3.7 80% 65% 20% 30% 45% 28 4.8 4 5.3 98 6.8 49 9.5 115 5.3 You begin your purification by performing an ammonium sulfate (AS) precipitation. You add the appropriate concentration of AS to your CL sample, incubate overnight at 4°C, then centrifuge to generate a supernatant (AS-S) and pellet (AS-P). What concentration of AS will you use to precipitate Glutamic dehydrogenase? © 20% O 30% 45% 65% 80%
- 1. Is glycolysis catabolic or anabolic? Discuss the importance of glycolysis. 2. What triggers gluconeogenesis? Then, what is the main purpose of gluconeogenesis?Indicate whether each of the following substances is involved in (1) glycogenesis but not glycogenolysis, (2) glycogenolysis but not glycogenesis, (3) both glycogenesis and glycogenolysis, or (4) neither glycogenesis nor glycogenolysis. a. Glucose 6-phosphate b. UDP c. Glycogen d. Pi2. A 4-year-old girl was diagnosed with thiamine deficiency and the symptoms include tachycardia, vomiting, convulsions. Laboratory examinations reveal high levels of pyruvate, lactate and a-ketoglutarate. Explain which coenzyme is formed from vitamin B, and its role in oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate. For that: a) describe the structure of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH) and the cofactors that it requires; b) discuss the symptoms which are connected with the thiamine deficiency and its effects on PDH and a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex; c) explain the changes in the levels of mentioned metabolites in the blood; d) name the deseribed discase,