25. The AG" values for the two reactions are given. 1. 2. oxaloacetate + acetyl-CoA + H₂O → citrate + COASH oxaloacetate + acetate → citrate Enzymes for reactions 1 and 2 are citrate synthase and citrate lyase, respectively. Determine the AG" for the hydrolysis of acetyl-CoA acetyl-CoA + H₂O acetate + COASH + H+ plane een isoimorfbold bns (94) opg Vp1903 9911 AG¹⁰ ? AGO = -32.2 kJ/mol AG"=-1.9 kJ/mol
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- Arrange the steps of breakdown of oleic acid (pictured below) in the correct order. 1 2 3 4 5 activation by acyl-CoAsynthe ✓ [Choose ] one cycle ofß-oxidationbeginning at the enoyl-CoAhydratasestep three cycles ofẞ-oxidation five cycles ofß-oxidation activation by acyl-CoAsynthetase enoyl-CoAisomeraseactivity enoyl-CoAisomeraseactivity V one cycle ofß-oxidationbegini V five cycles ofß-oxidation OHConsider docosanoic acid C12H43CO2H a. Label the alpha and beta Carbons. Show the beta-oxidation in an EXPANDED structure. b. Draw each acyl CoA derived from this fatty acid. c. How many acetyl Co A molecules are formed by complete beta-oxidation? d. How many cycles of beta-oxidation are needed for complete oxidation? e. How many molecules of ATP are formed from the complete catabolism of this fatty acid? Show the complete computation. f. How many moles of ATP per gram of fatty acid is formed from the complete catabolism of the given fatty acid? g. What is the molar mass of the given fatty acid? Solution: Show here the complete computations, [from a to e]64 Consider docosanoic acid, C2H43 CO₂H. a. Label the x and ß carbons. b. Draw the acyl CoA derived from this fatty acid. c. How many acetyl CoA molecules are formed by complete B-oxidation? d. How many cycles of ß-oxidation are needed for complete oxidation? e. How many molecules of ATP are formed from the complete catabolism of this fatty acid? Required:
- Peroxisomes have an alternative pathway for oxidizing polyunsaturated fatty acids. They contain a hydratase that converts D-3-hydroxyacyl CoA into trans Δ²- enoyl CoA. How can this enzyme be used to oxidize CoAs containing a cis double bond at an evennumbered carbon atom (e.g., the cis-Δ¹² double bond of linoleate)?Considering that triacylglycerols get hydrolyzed in the small intestine because of pancreatic lipases, write the reactions using structural formulas by which a 7-carbon fatty acid is activated and oxidized in the liver of this patient. Indicate cofactors and underscore the final CoA products.Behenate (C22H44O2) can be obtained by chain elongation from palmitate. How many ATP equivalents are produced in the degradation of behenate to eleven acetyl-CoA?
- (i) Consider a preparation that contains all the enzymes and cofactors necessary for fatty acid biosynthesis from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA. If [2-H] acetyl-CoA labeled with deuterium, the heavy isotope of hydrogen and excess of unlabeled malonyl-CoA are added as substrates, where will you find these labeled deuterium atoms in a molecule of palmitate synthesized? Explain. S-COA (ii) Describe the steps involved in the synthesis of palmitic acid starting from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA.Fatty acids are converted to their coenzyme A esters in a reversible reaction catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase: R-COO +ATP +COA R-C-COA +AMP + PPi a) The reaction involves two steps the first of which forms an enzyme-bound intermediate identified as the mixed anhydride of the fatty acid and AMP: R-C-O-P-O-nibose-adenine Write two chemical equations coresponding to the two steps of the reaction catalyzed by the synthetase. b) The acyl-CoA synthetase reaction as written above is readily reversible. How might the reaction be made to favor formation of fatty acyl-CoA? Write within the box. Anything outside the box will not be graded. From theConsider the docosanoic acid, C21H43CO2H a. Label the a and B carbons b. Draw the acyl CoA derived from this fatty acid c. How many acetyl CoA molecules are formed by complete B-oxidation? d. How many cycles of B-oxidation are needed for complete oxidation? e. How many molecules of ATP are formed from the complete catabolism of this fatty acid?
- Identify a pathway for utilization of the four carbons of acetoacetate in cholesterol biosynthesis. Carry your pathway as far as the rate-determining reaction in cholesterol biosynthesis. Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. succinyl-CoA succinate acetyl-CoA CoA-SH acetoacetyl-CoA HMG-CoA 2NADP 2NADPH+ 2H acetoacetate K UHL return to a mevalonate + CoA-SHFive coenzymes are required by a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, the enzyme in the citric acid cycle that converts a-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA.a. Identify the coenzymes.b. Propose a mechanism for the reaction. A-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase A-ketoglutarate succinyl-CoAOO OO O−O O− −O SCoA + CO2Consider the complete oxidation of one mole of the fatty acyl CoA of myristic acid (14:0). Determine the following (Type the numerical value only - e.g. 1): 1. rounds of B-oxidation 2. total no. of acetyl CoA produced 3. total no. of NADH produced from all rounds of B-oxidation 4. total no. of FADH2 produced from all rounds of B-oxidation 5. total no. of NADH produced from the oxidation of all acetyl CoA in the TCA cycle 6. total no. of FADH, produced from the oxidation of all acetyl CoA in the TCA cycle 7. total ATP yield