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- Explain briefly (in less than 100 words) how ATP synthase works. Show and explain the structure and function of and the difference between the two protein domains (Fo and F1) of the enzyme.Explain the role and functioning of chaperone proteins. Explain, why several chaperones (chaperonins) possess an ATPase activity?. Because of the position of arsenic in the periodic table, arsenate (AsO}-) is chemically similar to inorganic phosphate and is used by phosphate-requiring enzymes as an alternative substrate. However, organic arsenates are quite unstable and spontaneously hydrolyze. Arsenate is known to inhibit ATP production in glycolysis. Identify the target enzyme, and explain the mechanism of inhibition.
- Briefly explain the mechanism by which ATP synthase produces ATP.List three locations in which ATP synthases are found.Give all the reactions that will produce ATP either by substrate-level phosphorylation (SLP) or by oxidative phosphorylation (OP). If the given require a shuttle system, please indicate both MA shuttle and GP shuttle and give the ATP produced. Given: fructose 6-phosphate to 2pyruvateExplain why some of the molecules are positioned away from the diagonal in the graph given below. What kind of processes are involved in this phenomenon? Moreover, explain differences and similarities between H-ATPases and H-PPases.
- Calculate the ATP yield for the full catabolism of a phospholipid containing ethanolamine, C18:3 Δ9, 12, 15 and oleic acid. Include any ATP “expenses” or “income”. This will be a complex problem—neatly show your work and justify your choices.Lactic acid builds up in the athlete's thigh muscle after marathon training. Compare and contrast the physiological functions and Vmax of glycogen phosphorylase in active skeletal muscle and liver. The athlete faints after a rigorous workout owing to a low blood glucose level. A liver biopsy reveals that there is an excess of glycogen in the liver. Suggestions on whatever sort of enzyme is faulty in this circumstance should be accompanied by an explanation.. One indication of the relative importance of various ATP-producing pathways is the Vmax of certain enzymes of these pathways. The values of Vmax of several enzymes from the pectoral muscles (chest muscles used for flying) of pigeon and pheasant are listed below. Vmax (µmol substrate/min/g tissue) Pigeon Enzyme Pheasant Hexokinase 3.0 2.3 Glycogen phosphorylase Phosphofructokinase-1 Citrate synthase Triacylglycerol lipase Discuss the relative importance of glycogen metabolism and fat metabolism in generating ATP in the pectoral muscles of these birds. b. Compare oxygen consumption in the two birds. c. Judging from the data in the table, which bird is the long-distance flyer? Justify your answer. d. Why were these enzymes selected for comparison? Would the activities of triose phosphate isomerase and malate dehydrogenase be equally good bases for comparison? Explain. 18.0 120.0 24.0 143.0 100.0 15.0 0.07 0.01 а.
- Give all the reactions that will produce ATP either by substrate-level phosphorylation (SLP) or by oxidative phosphorylation (OP). If the given require a shuttle system, please indicate both MA shuttle and GP shuttle and give the ATP produced. Given: glucose 6-phosphate to 2succinly CoAA4. what conformational state is stabilized by y in atp synthase? why might achieving this state require energy input from the pmf?Is increasing the P; concentration a reasonable way to couple ATP hydrolysis and glucose phosphorylation? Yes. Increasing the concentration of P; would decrease K'eq and shift equilibrium to the right. No. The phosphate salts of divalent cations would be present in excess and precipitate out. No. The extra P; would give a negative AG", but would give a positive AG. Yes. The extra ATP hydrolysis would provide enough free energy to drive the phosphorylation reaction.