Pls help 2. In a study of the adverse effects of x-rays among children, a retrospective cohort studywas done using records from several large children's hospitals for the period of 1980 to1985. 10,000 children were selected as a representative population of ill children seen atthe hospitals during that time. Subjects were classified according to whether or not theyreceived an x-ray during their stay in the hospital and were followed from their hospitalstay through 2005 for the development of cancer. During the follow-up period, 49incident cancers occurred in 3,263 children who had received an x-ray, and 47 incidentcancers occurred in the 6,737 children who had not received an x-ray during theirhospitalization. What are the rates of cancer incidence in each exposure group?

Introduction:- These type of questions about study are solved making diagrams and using odds ratio.

Answered: 2. In a study of the adverse effects of…

Phlebotomy Essentials

6th Edition

ISBN:9781451194524

Author:Ruth McCall, Cathee M. Tankersley MT(ASCP)

Publisher:Ruth McCall, Cathee M. Tankersley MT(ASCP)

Chapter1: Phlebotomy: Past And Present And The Healthcare Setting

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1SRQ

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as an epidemiologist you are going to investigate the effect of lead exposure in a Baltimore neighborhood and the incidence of lead poisining and related difficulties in early childhood. You start with a cohort of 400 babies born in 2015. At baseline, none of them have any symptoms of lead poisining, but after taking envirnomental samples from their homes you find that 250 have lead paint exposure and 150 of them do not You follow them for ten years and keep track of incident cases of lead poisining based on blood samples. In 2025 you end your study and report the following: 100 of the children previously exposed to lead paint in 2015 have lead poisining and 25 of the children that were not exposed in 2015 have lead poisining. Calculate the cumulative incidence for the exposed group and the unexposed group. Calculate the relative risk between lead paint exposure and lead poisining.
As an epidemiologist you are going to investigate the effect of lead exposure in a Baltimore neighborhood and the incidence of lead poisoning and related learning difficulties in early childhood. You start your study with a cohort of 400 babies born in 2015. At baseline none of them have any symptoms of lead poisoning, but after taking environmental samples from their homes you find that 250 of them have lead paint exposure and 150 of them do not. You follow them for 10 years and keep track of incident cases of lead poisoning based on blood samples. In 2025 you end your study and report the following: 100 of the children previously exposed to lead paint in 2015 have lead poisoning and 25 of the children that were not exposed in 2015 have lead poisoning. Calculate the cumulative incidence for the exposed and unexposed group. Calculate the relative risk between lead paint exposure and lead poisoning.
New evidence from a WHO-led study in four countries shows that more than one-third ofwomen experienced mistreatment during childbirth in health facilities. The study, carriedout in Ghana, Guinea, Myanmar and Nigeria showed that women were at the highest riskof experiencing physical and verbal abuse between 30 minutes before birth until 15minutes after birth. Younger, less-educated women were most at risk, suggestinginequalities in how women are treated during childbirth. Addressing these inequalities andpromoting respectful maternity care for all women is critical to improve health equity andquality. The study built on the results from a mixed-methods systematic review conductedin 2015 which developed a typology of what constitutes mistreatment of women duringchildbirth based on 65 studies conducted in 34 countries. To promote maternal andnewborn health, critical public health interventions must be scaled up. Assume you are aReproductive Health Specialist;a) With clear and relevant…
Table 1. Number of children diagnosed with ASD in each NI Health Trust during the time periods stated (per quarter year). w Health Trust Belfast Northern South Eastern Southern Western Total for Northern Ireland nvestigate Quarter to Jun 2020 34 13 W 9 54 24 134 Quarter to Sept 2020 2 5 32 115 29 183 Quarter to Dec 2020 10 107 84 121 65 387 Quarter to Mar 2021 G 44 123 124 127 71 489 Quarter to Jun 2021 58 171 125 171 96 621 DELL Quarter to Jun 2021 103 178 92 135 101 609 Give two reasons why you think the total case numbers in Table 1 may have changed in this way. Word limit: 100 words prt sc Quarter to Dec 2021 home 83 225 129 131 114 682 Quarter to Mar 2022 90 193 111 114 143 651 end
5. Discuss the figure below. Give specific examples as needed: DESCRIPTIVE Describe a disease or health condition/phenomenon or intervention ANALYTIC Examine association (test of hypothesis) Experimental Exposure variables are assigned Observational Турes 1. Case reports/Case series Exposure and outcome variables are just observed 2. Prevalence survey (cross- sectional) 3. Ecologic study Турes 1. Cross-sectional Турes 1. Clinical trials 2. Case-control 3. Cohort 2. Field trials 3. Community intervention trials 4. Ecologic Hypothesis formulation Identification of risk/protective factors
31. How does disease incidence differ from disease prevalence? O D. Incidence is measured prospectively, prevalence is measured retrospectively. O E. All answers are correct O F. None of the answers are correct. O C. Incidence measures therapeutic effects, prevalence does not. O A. Incidence is the frequency of new cases, prevalence is the frequency of existing cases. O B. Incidence depends upon diagnostic accuracy, prevalence does not.
Chart 2. Levels of evidence (ASHA, 2004) Level Description la Well-designed meta-analysis of more than one randomized controlled trial lb lla llb III IV Well-designed randomized controlled study Well-designed controlled study without randomization Well-designed quasi-experimental study Well-designed non-experimental studies, i.e., correlational and case studies Expert committee report, consensus conference, clinical experience of respected authorities Match the types of study with their ranking level. Randomized control trial Cohort study Cross-sectional study Case-control study Single subject design (time series) Single case study [Choose ] Level 3 ✓ Level 2 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 [Choose] [Choose ] [Choose ]
What patterns do you detect? Often in disease outbreak investigations we want to see a pattern for a particular problem. Think back to the 'white board' approach from a previous question and consider the types of information about individuals that may help you look for patterns. Select from the list below attributes that may help you You can chosse all or some I choose Time of disease onset and occuption but there is more I guess Occupation Hair color Gender Weight Age Time of disease onset
28. Which of the following choices refers to the data between the probability of a positive test result giventhe presence of the disease and the probability of a positive test result given the absence of the disease?A. Negative likelihood ratioB. Negative predictive value C. Positive likelihood ratioD. Positive predictive value 29. Which of the following choices refers to the amount of time that a diagnosis is advanced by screening?A. Lead time biasB. Length bias sampling C. Survival rateD. Survival time 30. A point on a continuum that extends from clearly normal results (for healthy people) to abnormal results (forpeople who have preclinical disease) is called _____.A. Bias indexB. Criterion of positivity C. Predictive valueD. Source of test errors 31. The reliability of a test is the ability to give the same result on repeated testing. Reliability is influenced bywhich of the following?A. All of the optionsB. Interobserver and intraobserver agreement among the analysts conducting the…
Investigators interested in understanding the relationship between mammography and breast cancer-specific mortality determine the age-adjusted mortality rates for breast cancer in each of the 50 states, as well as the percentage of women in each state who adhere to the U.S. Preventive Services guidelines for screening mammography. What type of study is this? Retrospective cohort study Ecologic study O Prospective cohort study O Case control study Cross-sectional study
49. (I)The incidence of the target disease will likely increase when a new screening test becomes widely used.(II) Unlike cohort studies, experimental studies of screening effectiveness avoid volume.A. BOTH statements are CORRECT.B. BOTH statements are INCORRECT.C. FIRST statement in INCORRECT; SECOND is CORRECT.D. FIRST statement is CORRECT; SECOND is INCORRECT.50. Which of the following are characteristics of diseases appropriate for screening? I. Disease is serious, with severe consequences.II. Treatment is more effective at an earlier stage.III. Disease has a detectable preclinical phase (DPCP).IV. DPCP is fairly short and prevalent in the target population. A. I, II, III B. I, II, III, IV C. I, II, IV D. II, III, IV
You conduct a case-control study in Portland pediatric clinics to evaluate the relationship between the exposure of exclusive breastfeeding for at least the first 6 months of life, and the outcome of no ear infections during the first year of life. The exposure is “exclusive breastfeeding” (as opposed to mixed feeding or formula feeding. The outcome of interest is “no ear infections during the first year of life” (as opposed to having at least one ear infection). Your study produces an OR of 0.3, relating exposure and outcome. Assuming that the 95% Confidence Interval indicates your result is statistically significant, the interpretation for the OR in your study is: A. The odds of exclusive breastfeeding among children with no ear infections during the first year of life is 0.3 times that of those with at least one ear infection during the first year of life. B.The odds of no ear infections during the first year of life among exclusively breastfed children is 0.3 times the odds…

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