The Later Years Of The Postclassical Era

Through a multitude of significant changes physically, conceptually, economically, and more, the societal reformation of cities in the Progressive Era had set themselves as the foundations of American civilization. The juxtaposition between the rich and poor statuses in these urban areas show the drastic separation within developing cities. Through this division caused a wide variety of living conditions, the majority of which held the overcrowded sections of cities where the population mostly stayed while the higher end communities had more luxurious lives. Through this success of entrepreneurship and economic growth from all aspects in cities, the entire landscape, both physically through innovative architecture and the perspectives outside rural and suburban areas had on them, had transformed for the better in these areas.

“No nation was ever ruined by trade.” This quote was said by Benjamin Franklin in the late 1700s. These words are so simple, and it seems like anyone could have said them. However, this quote has a bigger meaning in that throughout world history, trade has been so important to so many countries and it has led to many empires successes. It has occurred for a very long time, and it has progressed dramatically. Trade has changed a lot, but some parts of trade stayed the same over a long periods of time. In the era between 300 CE and 1450 CE, trade between Eurasia and Africa changed because the empires and kingdoms in power were replaced and their control over trade differed;

During the Post-Classical Era merchants played an incredible role in shaping the course of different

It analyzes the interaction between the Chinese, Indians, and Arabs. This chapter examines the trade situation before and after the European invaded. Around 1500, was the first time the trade began and it was one of the greatest generators of the economy. Therefore, it was really important for places like Asia, Africa, and Arabs to get access to the Indian Ocean.

During the time period 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E., trade networks were relied upon to transfer goods, ideas, and services. Both the Trans-Saharan and Silk Road trade routes depended on animals, luxury goods, and economic growth. However, the trade routes differed in animals, types of luxury goods, and success of economic growth.

This continued from the 800s to the 1300s. At this point of the time period, the Mongols had expanded throughout Eurasia. However, the only parts of the trade that were affected were the northern parts between Europe and Asia, because the Mongols concentrated on mostly China, Russia, and some parts of Eastern Europe. By the 1450s, the gold-salt trade started to decline, and soon, the center of trade started to shift away from the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean. This was because the age of exploration started in Europe, and trade concentrated more towards the Atlantic Ocean.

In China, trade, mainly during the Tang dynasty, helped to spread Buddhism (Decker). The Chinese traded with the Japanese, Indians, Southeastern Asians, and Africans during this time period and, via trade, were able to spread their culture, thoughts, religions, and ideas (Decker). In Africa, trade caused several cities to be built (Decker). As new cities were built in the east, new cultures and languages were formed and influenced by the founders, as well as the people who traded in those places (Decker). The trading cities of eastern Africa grew wealthy as the trading routes became more and more heavily used (Decker).

Changes and continuities from the classical to the post-classical cover a wide range of political, cultural, religious and economic shifts as populations grew and societies became more complex. The classical empires of Rome, Han China, Gupta India and Archaemenid Persia fell due to external and internal forces and were replaced by the larger empires of the post classical Byzantine; Tsui, Tang and Song in China and the Caliphates in Persia. Only India did not return to an over reaching centralized empire. During the post-classical Dar el-Islam united much of Eurasia with a single religious adherence to Islam. Also, the largest empire the world was ever to see, the Mongols, rose during the

At first warfare and invasions began to stop occurring because the feudal system started to break down. Traders started to feel safe to travel long distances. That is when trade began to grow, and a strong merchant class was made. The cities started to grow. Cities were the main place to have trade happen. Traders began to travel on the Silk Roads. The Silk Roads are an ancient

During the Post Classical Era, from 600 CE to 1450 CE, new empires rose through the combination of aspects such as social structure and religion from the classical era and globalization as well as expansion of religious and technological ideas from the modern era in order to form the Post Classical Era. Trade took on new roles through connecting areas and spreading goods, ideas, and disease. Ideas that were often spread was religion, such as Islam and Buddhism, thus leading to global awareness and conflict. Though Post Classical Mesoamerica was not included in the global trade route linking Eurasia and Africa, Mesoamerica still enjoyed its own advances during this time period. Through the Post Classical Era, Mesoamerica continued to celebrate religion because of its combination with everyday life, however they began trading because of the introduction of conquest, and developed farming techniques that played roles in trade and religion.

First, the Chinese began to trade in the 1400s because they wanted to analyze their surrounding field. But then the Yung Le emperor granted to spread trade with other nations, viewing new manufactured goods. Therefore, the trading from Africa to Southeast Africa created a big impact on commercial naval power of China and became the greatest commercial power of all time. Other countries traded goods such as silver, cotton, tobacco, sugar,etc. These trading were managed and lead by Zheng He, a Chinese admiral who managed a series of voyages to these far away nations.

The relationship which exists between American expansionism, the "frontier" and urbanization is not hard to understand. It is necessary to see the concept frontier since it seems to be like a new term. A frontier is something that is said to be very important, which shows certain changes especially in a changing society. A frontier in American is viewed from the primary human aspects exist between people and the nature rather than people themselves. On the other hand, urbanization refers to a situation when there is a total increase in population people moving from city to town (Howard-Borjas). This paper highlights the relationship between American expansionism and urbanization.

Because the Mongols controlled so much territory from China to Russia and the Middle East (they conquered Baghdad and overthrew the Abbasid caliphate), the Silk Road prospered like no other time and products flowed freely from East to West . A continuity throughout the timeframe was the fact that luxury goods usually drove the trade. Because products had to travel such great distances and thus there were so many middle men, only the very wealthy could partake of the trade . That is why gold and silver were preferred exchange mediums for the trade of silk and other fine eastern products .

Trade and conquest both had their impacts, but looking closer one impact was more significant than the other. Trade was a way for people to obtain goods they didn’t have or couldn’t make by giving away an item they had a surplus amount of. Trade, in my opinion, didn’t have much of an impact as conquest. Trade was only small development, whereas conquest was the process of gaining territory by the use of subjugation and military forces. Early civilizations developed from conquest because without conquest the same civilization would own the same territory. There were multiple early civilizations, and if they had never conquest for more land, other civilizations would overrule them and take their territory. Further spread of civilization happened directly through conquest, the spread of how much land they had and could acquire was due to conquest and military forces. Because conflict and conquest exists, they realized they had to defend their civilization and build military forces to keep enemies out.

Likewise, they required their subject’s participation in military service and their cooperation in social programs (63). Thus, cities were becoming increasingly incorporated into the state as they were needed as a source of capital. The subordination of cities to states allowed rulers with the financial foundation to properly, and more efficiently, flex their coercive power over the territory they controlled, leading to the formation of what one currently defines as a nation