The Odyssey Books 1-4
Arête:
• Book 1 o Aigísthos lacks arête-“stole Agamemnon’s wife and killed the soldier on his homecoming day” (53-54) even after Hermes warned him no to o Telémakhos shows arête by giving Mentês food & gifts before asking his identity- “irked with himself to think a visitor had been kept their waiting” (150-151)
• Book 2 o Penelope shows arête with wit and trickery-“so every day she wove on the great loom…every night by torchlight she unwove it; and so for three years she deceived the Akhaians” (112-114)- delays choosing a suitor, loyal to Odysseus o Lack of arête for the suitors-“My house is being plundered: is this courtesy?”(68)
• Book 3 o Nestor recounts Odysseus’s arête and skill o Nestor hopes Telémakhos will get revenge with the suitors as Orestes did when he demonstrated arête and “killed the snake who killed his father” (334)
• Book 4 o Meneláos & Helen tell stories of the arête Odysseus showed & the Trojan Horse
Characters:
• Gods: Zeus(“summoner of cloud”, “Father of us all”), Athena(“the grey-eyed goddess”, known for her wisdom, supports Odysseus)
• Mortals: Telémakhos(Odysseus’s son, “clear-headed”), Penélopê(Odysseus’s faithful wife, “Penélopê the wise”), Eurýmakhos, Antínoös & other suitors, Mentês(Athena in disguise, revealed in Book 4), Eurýkleia(faithful/devoted nurse), Nestor(king of Pylos), Pisistratus (Nestor’s son), Meneláos & Helen(king, queen of Sparta)
Aspects of Greek culture:
• Role of Women/Way of Governing: o Telémakhos
Penelope was left behind when Odysseus left for the trojan war, but he didn’t come back after that. Penelope had to take care of their son, their estate, and their servants for 20 years. On top of all of that she had suitors demanding her attention. In all of this she stayed strong and independent, and despite the pressure of the suitors she stayed loyal to Odysseus, even when she didn’t even know if he was alive or not. Penelope’s character is also very clever and sly. She told the suitors that she would remarry after she finishes her weaving project, but each night she undoes everything she did that day. When the suitors find out about it they demand she choose someone to remarry. Penelope uses her intelligence and slyness again as she tells them whoever wins an archery contest using Odysseus bow, which only he could use, she would marry. Penelope is also very kind, which we see when she interacts with the servants and her son. Penelope is a very well portrayed character and she is needed in the story to be someone Odysseus could always be someone to come back
Penelope’s faithfulness, willpower, and loyalty exceeds the amount of any other character. She embodies the characteristic of the “ideal” woman. Penelope’s faithfulness, like Telemakhos, was out of love. While those who shamed the home of Odysseus were dealt with more harshly because their loyalty was expected from being the “property” of
While traditional readers of Homer’s, The Odyssey, view Odysseus as a hero, they often reduce Penelope to Odysseus’s helpless wife, but Penelope is more than just a damsel-in-distress. Penelope proves to be Odysseus’s heroic equal, as through her resilient, witty and strategic actions she ensures Odysseus fighting advantages over the suitors.
In the Epic, “The Odyssey", spoken by Homer, conveys a heroic tale of an epic hero named, Odysseus, who faces many challenges as he sails to get home. One of the tasks Odysseus faces is, "The Sirens", who challenge Odysseus 's will power. Another challenge Odysseus encounters is, “The Cyclops", who torments and slaughters some of Odysseus 's men due to his curiosity. One of the hardest threats he had to confront was, “The Land of Dead" which tested his self-restraint, and revealed his human weaknesses of sorrow. The Epic Hero, Odysseus, struggles with many challenges such as, the taunting Sirens, the brutish and cruel Cyclops, and one of the arduous territories Odysseus has ever crossed, The Land of the Dead.
The hospitality that Telemachos and Penelope show Odysseus when he returns home, even though they do not know who he really is yet another example of xenia. This hospitality helps in his winning his home back from the suitors. Telemachos welcomes Odysseus into the house, and gives him permission to beg the suitors of money. Despite knowing this, said suitors harass him when he asks for coins. In response to this, Telemachos says “, There will be no pleasure in this feast, at all since vile things will be uppermost. Now the hallowed prince Telemachos spoken […] I drive away no man.“ Telemachos’s defense of Odysseus, even in guise of a vagabond, shows great grace on his part, and show great hospitality, on top of undermining the suitors, thus giving them less power. After the suitors have gone home, Penelope summons her maidservant, saying “, Eurynome, bring up a chair, and put a fleece on it, so that the stranger can be seated, and tell me his story, and listen to what I have to say. (Homer.18.97-99)” This statement shows that Penelope is intending t make a beggar as comfortable as she, and set aside time specifically to
Women play an influential role in The Odyssey. Women appear throughout the story, as goddesses, wives, princesses, or servants. The nymph Calypso enslaves Odysseus for many years. Odysseus desires to reach home and his wife Penelope. It is the goddess Athena who sets the action of The Odyssey rolling; she also guides and orchestrates everything to Odysseus’ good. Women in The Odyssey are divided into two classes: seductresses and helpmeets. By doing so, Homer demonstrates that women have the power to either hinder of help men. Only one woman is able to successfully combine elements of both classes: Penelope. She serves as a role model of virtue and craftiness. All the other women are compared to and contrasted with Penelope.
Odysseus’s wife, Penelope lives back in their town, Ithaka, is being pressured by unwanted suitors. Their son, Telemachos, is visited by the goddess Athene. Athene was quite close with Odysseus, and she tells Telemachos to go looking for his missing father. He travels to Pylos to see the King, Nestor. Nestor takes him in, gives him dinner and then tells him to go see King Menelaos in Sparta. Telemachos does as he’s told and travels to Sparta to see King Menelaos. He tells him that his father Odysseus is alive and is being kept captive on Kalypso’s island. He also tells him that his brother, King Agamemnon, has been murdered by his own wife, Klytamestra, and her lover Aigisthos. But, Agamemnon’s son, Orestes has killed his father’s murderers
The author’s tone is excited yet maintains a calmness, like someone in modern times might talk about something expensive that they bought. At points the author speaks with reverence of the palaces. The use of words like “feasted” and “echoing” helps in demonstrating the enormity of what they do for things that may seem like every day encounters, such as having a visitor over. This idea helps to demonstrate that the Greeks valued luxury and leisure so they could reap the rewards from the work that they had done.
In Homer's epic, The Odyssey, Odysseus is an epic hero with an epic wife, Penelope. Penelope is also the Queen of Ithaca, a vital role indeed. Penelope's love and devotion towards Odysseus is proven when she waits nineteen years for her husband to return from the wine dark sea, rather than losing faith and marrying another man. Penelope's character is strong and solid, and her personality remains consistent throughout Homer's Odyssey.
If you think about it there isn’t a day in your life that goes by without facing some kind of temptation. Temptation can be our biggest weakness, and I think that in Odysseus’s case it was his. In The Odyssey, Homer uses the siren scene to symbolize temptation in different ways. It represents how temptation can come in many different ways; and it can control us no matter how much we know that it is wrong to give in. In The Odyssey, temptation came to Odysseus and his crew from the sirens. This scene displays how temptation looks, sounds, and how it makes you act.
Penelope: In the opening chapters of The Odyssey Penelope is angry, frustrated, and helpless. She misses her husband, Odysseus. She worries about the safety of her son, Telemakhos. Her house is overrun with arrogant men who are making love to her servants and eating her out of house and home, all the while saying that they are courting her. She doesn't want to marry any of them, and their rude behavior can hardly be called proper courtship. She has wealth and position; she has beauty and intelligence; most of all she has loyalty to her husband. But against this corrupt horde who gather in her courtyard shooting dice, throwing the discus, killing her husband's cattle for their feasts, and drinking his wine, she is powerless.
In direct contrast with the seductress is the good hostess or wife. Penelope, Odysseus' wife, is the most important of these characters. She is the image of steadfastness, waiting and hoping for years for Odysseus'return. Even the intimidating suitors do not bend her from her constancy. Along with Penelope is Eurykleia who matches
With the consent of Zeus, Athena journeys to Ithaca to speak with Telemachus, Odysseus’s and Penelope’s child, by assuming the form of Odysseus’s old friend, Mentes. Athena advices Telemachus to call the suiters of his mother and to announce their banishment from his father’s estate. She also tells him to travel to Pylos and Sparta to ask the kings of the regions for any
No blame is placed upon him by the people and they believe he "slipped his neck in the strap of fate" 217, only after which did his spirit become "black, impure, unholy" 218. The people of Mycenae, typically represented by the elders, and thus the Chorus have absolved him of blame in their minds. All their words about the leader are nothing but in praise of their king. They are nearly "faint with longing" for the return of their king, though we can also partly attribute this to a desire to be rid of Clytemnestra more than their wish to return to the rule of Agamemnon. They indeed emphasise the tyranny of the Queen ("she commands, full of her high hopes...manoeuvres like a man" 13). The sentry echoes the love for the King though ("My king, I'll take your loving hand in mine" 37), and the herald is similarly well disposed toward him, and he hasn't been under the yoke of Clytemnestra ("he brings us light in the darkness...Agamemnon lord of men"). The people absolve the King of blame over Iphigenia, and give him unconditional loyalty, but Clytemnestra rests it all upon his shoulders ("girl of tears...here you are repaid" 1554). She understands the grandeur of her action and the scale of it but believes that "what we did was destiny" 1692. Though, it is my belief that the honourable King of Mycenae was commanded by the fates to kill his daughter, and it was by no means his will to carry
As the three men are walking through Argos they hear cries coming from the palace. Zeus explains to them that these cries are a sort of memoir. They people are remembering the death of their king Agamemnon, who was murdered fifteen years ago. Orestes then recalls that Agamemnon had a daughter name Electra, so he asks Zeus what her take on this whole ordeal is. Zeus then explains that Agamemnon also had a son named Orestes. The audience of the play quickly realizes that Orestes is undercover in his journey to reach Aegisthus.