Life: The Science of Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781319010164
Author: David E. Sadava, David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, Sally D. Hacker
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Chapter 47.2, Problem 1R
Summary Introduction
To review:
The mechanism, by which force generation in a muscle is controlled by nervous system, based on the relationships between skeletal muscles and motor neurons.
Introduction:
The acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter released by motor neurons to activate the muscles. At the neuromuscular junction, the acetylcholine is released from the presynaptic neuron membrane and bind to the receptors present on the postsynaptic muscle membrane.
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- Motor neurons release what type of neurotransmitter onto the motor end plate of skeletal muscles? What effect does this neurotransmitter have on the postsynaptic membrane?arrow_forwardA motor unit associated with the stimulation of skeletal muscle is designated as a 1:8 motor unit. Which of the following statements is correct? The motor unit consists of one somatic neuron and 8 myofibers (muscle fibers) Each of the myofibers in the motor unit is innervated by more than one neuron It is part of the autonomic nervous system The neuron in the motor unit is an afferent neuronarrow_forwardPut these events that occur in skeletal muscle in the correct chronological sequence: 1. Activation of voltage-gated dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor in the T-tubule 2. Opening of mechanically-gated ryanodine receptors (RyR) on the sarcoplasmic reticulum 3. Na+ influx through ligand-gated ion channels on the motor end plate 4. Ca2+ binding to troponin 2, 1, 4, 3 4, 3, 2, 1 4, 3, 1, 2 3, 1, 4, 2 3, 1, 2, 4arrow_forward
- Put these events that occur in skeletal muscle in the correct chronological sequence: 1. Opening of mechanically-gated ryanodine receptors (RyR) on the sarcoplasmic reticulum 2. Ca²+ binding to troponin to initiate contraction 3. Activation of voltage-gated dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor in the T-tubule 4. Na+ influx through ligand-gated ion channels on the motor end plate 4, 3, 2, 1 2, 1, 4, 3 3, 1, 2, 4 4, 3, 1, 2 3, 1, 4, 2arrow_forwardWhich of the following step(s) about the excitation of skeletal muscle is/are incorrect? 1. Acetylcholine is released and binds to motor end plate receptors 2. An action potential is created and moves down T-tubules 3. Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum 4. Calcium ions bind to tropomyosin to shift troponin off the binding sites for cross-bridging 5. Myosin forms cross-bridges and binds with actin to pull it towards middle of sarcomerearrow_forwardDescribe the structures and functions of actin-based motor proteins, myosins.arrow_forward
- Explain how optimal skeletal muscle force (high muscle tension) can be achieved during a high intensity exercise. (Mention and explain how wave summation, motor recruitment summation, muscle length, and type of muscle fibers activated can affect muscle force).arrow_forwardFrom the following choices, choose the THREE, that would result in prevention of muscle contraction (in other words, which three descriptive changes below would result in flaccid paralysis of a muscle). exocytosis of acetylcholine is constant, even without action potential injection of botulinum toxin calcium cannot be pumped back into the terminal cisternae acetylcholine receptor remains open to sodium active sites on actin a permanently exposed dramatically increase the activity of acetylcholinesterase calcium cannot bind troponinarrow_forwardThe single-fiber twitch experiments shown here were generated by stimulating the muscle cell membranes to threshold with an electrode and measuring the resulting action potential and force. How would the results differ if Ca21 were removed from the extracellular solution just before the electrical stimulus was applied?arrow_forward
- Skeletal muscle cells undergo contractions based on a molecular mechanism involving: 1)the sliding of actin and myosin filaments past each other without any change in filament length 2) the shortening of actin filaments following direct interaction with myosin 3) dynamic instability of microtubules 4)nonearrow_forwardWe've referred to alpha-motor neurons as the "decision making centre" for whether or not a muscle fibre contracts. Which of the following statements are true with regards to his concept? Select all that apply. O Alpha motor neurons receive input from many different sources, the balance of which determines whether or not the alpha-motor neuron fires an action potential O Alpha motor neurons are involved in conscious decision making in our central nervous system for planning and executing movements O When an action potential is initiated in an alpha-motor neuron, we are guaranteed an action potential in the muscle fibre, and hence contraction of that fibre. This means the muscle itself does not determine whether or not it contracts O Alpha motor neurons report information on where we are in space (proprioception) back to the central nervous systemarrow_forwardDescribe the process of motor-unit recruitment in controlling (a) whole-muscle tension and (b) velocity of whole-muscle shortening.arrow_forward
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