Another set of reactions that fuses hydrogen into helium in the Sun and especially in hotter stars is called die CNO cycle: 12 C + 1 H → 13 N + γ 13 N → 13 C + e + + v e 13 C + 1 H → 14 N + γ 14 N + 1 H → 15 O + γ 15 O → 15 N + e + + v e 15 N + 1 H → 12 C + 4 H e This process is a “cycle” because 12 C appears at the beginning and end of these reactions. Write down the overall effect of this cycle (as done for die proton-proton chain in 2 e − + 4 1 H → 4 H e + 2 v e + 6 γ . Assume that the positrons annihilate elections to form more γ rays.
Another set of reactions that fuses hydrogen into helium in the Sun and especially in hotter stars is called die CNO cycle: 12 C + 1 H → 13 N + γ 13 N → 13 C + e + + v e 13 C + 1 H → 14 N + γ 14 N + 1 H → 15 O + γ 15 O → 15 N + e + + v e 15 N + 1 H → 12 C + 4 H e This process is a “cycle” because 12 C appears at the beginning and end of these reactions. Write down the overall effect of this cycle (as done for die proton-proton chain in 2 e − + 4 1 H → 4 H e + 2 v e + 6 γ . Assume that the positrons annihilate elections to form more γ rays.
Another set of reactions that fuses hydrogen into helium in the Sun and especially in hotter stars is called die CNO cycle:
12
C
+
1
H
→
13
N
+
γ
13
N
→
13
C
+
e
+
+
v
e
13
C
+
1
H
→
14
N
+
γ
14
N
+
1
H
→
15
O
+
γ
15
O
→
15
N
+
e
+
+
v
e
15
N
+
1
H
→
12
C
+
4
H
e
This process is a “cycle” because
12
C
appears at the beginning and end of these reactions. Write down the overall effect of this cycle (as done for die proton-proton chain in
2
e
−
+
4
1
H
→
4
H
e
+
2
v
e
+
6
γ
. Assume that the positrons annihilate elections to form more
γ
rays.
Another set of reactions that result in the fusing ofhydrogen into helium in the Sun and especially in hotter starsis called the carbon cycle. It is12C + 1H → 13N + γ,13N → 13C + e+ + ve,13C + 1H → 14N + γ,14N + 1H → 15O + γ,15O → 15N + e+ + ve,15N + 1H → 12C + 4He.Write down the overall effect of the carbon cycle (as wasdone for the proton-proton cycle in2e− + 41H → 4 He + 2ve + 6γ ). Note the number of protons ( 1H ) required and assume that the positrons ( e+ ) annihilate electrons to form more γ rays.
For the following reaction, what is the energy released, in GJ/mol? (1 GJ = 1E9 J)
Use 2.998E8 m/s as the speed of light
1 a m u has a mass of 1.6605E-27 kg
A + 1n → C + D
A
n
C
D
mass (amu)
6.1450
1.0087
3.0221
4.0834
Express your answer as a positive value
c) The equation below describes the disintegration of a polonium nucleus into a
lead nucleus and an alpha-particle. During the reaction energy Q is
released.
210Po → He +²02Pb+Q
84
82
Calculate the loss of energy during the reaction.
The masses in the atomic mass unit u are as follows:
210
206
Po= 209.98287 u, Pb = 205.97446 u and He = 4.002604 u.
84
82
You may assume that 1u is equivalent to 931 MeV.
d) The lead nucleus recoils in the opposite direction to the emitted alpha particle
conserving momentum. Hence calculate:
i) The ratio of the recoil nucleus and alpha particle velocities
ii) The kinetic energy distribution of these products.
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