a receptor signaling even in the absence of its ligand could be caused by: loss of function mutation gain of function mutation both 1 and 2 neither 1 or 2
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- What choice best descirbes how genes are used in different cell types in your body. An example of different cell types are muscle and brain cells. (level 2) All cells in the human body have the same genes and every cell uses every gene. All cells in the human body have the same genes but different cell types express (use) different genes. All cells have the same chromosomes but different cell types have different genes. coocific eate the cell in the middle In thic 6 stv MacBook Air DII 888 FS & % %23 8 9 з 4 5 R т Y U E G H K D C V command .. ** OOOA controversial issue, closely related to cloning, that has caused a lot of debate is the use of embryonic stem cells. One possible application of these cells is that they may be able to supply replacement tissues to treat diseases such as Parkinson's disease, diabetes, paralysis due to spinal cord injuries, and other degenerative diseases. The word "embryonic", has caused fierce opposition to this type of research because embryos are destroyed when the stem cells are removed. Questions that have surfaced in this debate include: When a cell nucleus is transferred to another cell, have we created life? Does a stem cell have the same status as a human? What should be done with the embryos that are leftover at in vitro fertilization (IVF), clinics? Advocates argue that the medical benefits of stem cell research would be enormous. Opponents argue that life begins at conception and thus this type of research is abortion. Based on what you have read, explain why you are for or against stem…What does the genome of mammalian mitochondria contain A total of 37 genes Genes for proteins used in oxidative phosphorylation Genes for rRNA and tRNA Two of the above All of the above
- You have received an opportunity to work with a professor. He wants you to induce a tumor in a model organism to study its effect. What model organism will you choose to study? Drosophila melanogaster Mus musculus Caenorhabditis elegans CercopithecidaeSelect all the advantages of using Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism. Select one or more: O Females can produce 400 to 500 eggs O Large genome O Easy to culture in the laboratory Many mutations are availableResearchers have identified a gene in humans that (when mutant)causes severe dwarfism and mental impairment. This disorder isinherited in an autosomal recessive manner, and the mutant alleleis known to be a loss-of-function mutation. The same gene hasbeen found in mice, although a mutant version of the gene has notbeen discovered in mice. To develop drugs and an effective therapyto treat this disorder in humans, it would be experimentallyuseful to have a mouse model. In other words, it would be desirableto develop a strain of mice that carry the mutant allele in thehomozygous condition. Experimentally, how would you developsuch a strain?
- One of the main questions in the field of developmental biology is how cell differentiation works at a molecular level, If vou are a student studving the process of cell differentiation, what would you be studying? Select all correct answers. Whether cells in one species can be transplanted into another species. A. How cells undergo changes in shape, division, and migration to give tissues and organs their three dimensional form. The oxygen carrying capacity of blood from different species. How cells become different from each other and carry out distinct functions due to differential gene expression. OD. Whether certain genes are oncogenes or tumor suppressors in human cancers. E. How muscle progenitor cells undergo changes to become skeletal muscle cells. F.Some of the mammalian Hox genes have been shown tobe more similar to one of the insect Hox genes than to theothers. Describe an experimental approach that wouldenable you to demonstrate this finding in a functionaltest in living flies.Choose ALL of the TRUE statements below. O All animal cells (except gametes and blood cells) contain the entirety of their genome. V Prokaryotes can control gene expression only through transcription. O Eukaryotes can control gene expression by processing and degrading proteins. O Alternative RNA splicing, mRNA degradation, and RNA interference are all types of pre-transcriptional gene regulation in prokaryotes OEukaryotes can reduce the access to genes through histone modifications ONLY. V Eukaryotes can control gene expression through both transcriptional and translational controls.
- There are close to 200 different cell types in the human body. Why do they look and function differently from one another? O They each express a different set of genes O They each express all the same genes, but in a different order at different times O They each have slightly different genomes O They all express the same genes, but proteins that aren't needed in a particular cell type are degraded before they can function QUESTION 10 When you exercise, you typically start breathing harder. This is because: O You are switching from aerobic to anaerobic respiration O More oxygen is needed to meet the increased ATP demand O Carbon dioxide stores are quickly depleted during exercise Muscle cells can only use aerobic respirationWhen the DNA of a human cell becomes damaged, the p53 geneis activated. What is the general function of the p53 protein?Is it an enzyme, transcription factor, cell-cycle protein, orsomething else? Describe three ways in which the synthesisof the p53 protein affects cellular function. Why is it beneficialfor these three things to happen when a cell’s DNA hasbeen damaged?Many human cancers result when a normal gene mutates and leads to uncontrolled growth (a tumor). Genesthat cause cancer when they mutate are called oncogenes. Chemotherapy is effective against many tumorsbecause it targets rapidly dividing cells and kills them.Unfortunately, chemotherapy has many side effects,such as hair loss or nausea, because it also kills many ofour normal cells that are rapidly dividing, such as thosein the hair follicles or stomach lining.Many scientists and large pharmaceutical companiesare excited about the prospects of exploiting theRNAi pathway to selectively inhibit oncogenes in lifethreatening tumors. Explain in very general terms howgene-silencing therapy might work to treat cancer andwhy this type of therapy would have fewer side effectsthan chemotherapy