7. Assuming equivalent stimulation of the two pre-synaptic axons in the diagram below, in which of the two post-synaptic cells will you observe a stronger response? Why? = 5-HT = 5-HT receptor = 5-HTT (transporter)
Q: 7. Which statement describes the sympathetic nervous system? A. Stimulation of the sympathetic…
A: Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system causes an increase in blood pressure. The sympathetic…
Q: Depolarization of the axon occurs due to the: A. Entry of sodium ions B. Exiting of sodium ions C.…
A: Depolarization means the increase in voltage potential and it occurs due to influx of cations.
Q: 1) When threshold (-55 mV) is reached: a) voltage-gated K+ channels immediately open. b) Na+…
A: Step 1 The membrane potential is the transmembrane electric potential difference measured from…
Q: 2. What do you think would happen if you stimulated an axon in its middle rather than at the axon…
A: once the action potential generated at the axon hillock, the stimulus travels in one direction…
Q: 11. Label the structure shown below. 1. (area) 2. (area). 3. (space). 2 4. (dark area) 5. This is an…
A: Synapse A synapse is a tiny gap at the end of a neuron that permits a signal to travel from one…
Q: he resting potential of a neuron is characterized by: A. High potassium concentration outside the…
A: Action potential generates when the neurons want to pass the information along the body from its…
Q: 4. What are the problems with a repaired PNS axon?
A: Since you have asked multiple question, we will solve the first question for you. If you want any…
Q: 3. Which of the following is true for both NMDA and AMPA receptors? A. They are both only found in…
A: 3. ANSWER;-b) They are both ionotropic glutamate receptors. Explain;- Glutamate receptors. In 2012,…
Q: 6. What will happen when ligand gated potassium channels open on a neuron? What will enter/exit the…
A: Neurons are excitable cells because their membranes are in a polarised state . Different types of…
Q: 11- One of the following is not a structural feature of neuron. A. Dendrites B. Node of Ranvier C.…
A: Neurons are the structural and functional unit of nervous system. They are used to transmit impulse…
Q: 1. If a single axon is firing at maximum frequency, how does the nervous system know if the stimulus…
A: Hello! Thank You for your question, but it seems you have posted multiple questions. So, we are…
Q: 1. Compare and Contrast the following: A. Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System B. Somatic…
A: SYMPATHETIC & PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM : - Sympathetic nervous system(SNS) is the part…
Q: 3. Explain the structure and functioning of synapses and mechanisms involved in the transmission at…
A: Neurons form the basic unit of the nervous system in the body of animals which can be electrically…
Q: 1. Explain how an action potential and graded potential are different. Where do they occur on a…
A: Membrane potential is the potential defference between electrical gradient (charge) of inside and…
Q: 4- Compare what happens when a low or a high frequency action potential is propagated down the…
A: A sudden and fast change in the resting membrane potential (RMP) due to the excitation of the…
Q: 25. The influx of calcium into the axon terminal of a chemical synapse is responsible for A.…
A: Chemical synapse communicates using chemical messengers. The other type is known as electrical…
Q: 1. Why is saltatory conduction along a myelinated axon faster than continuous conduction along an…
A: The nucleus and other cell organelles are terms to describe that they are usually found in the cell…
Q: 4. The difference in charge between the outside and the inside of a neuron at rest is called: A.…
A: Introduction Membrane potential:- It is a potential gradient that forces ions to passively move in…
Q: 5. The falling phase of the action potential due to the: A. Entry of sodium ions B. Exiting of…
A: please find your answer in step 2:
Q: 5. The chemical signal that binds to a protein receptor О CАМР O G protein O a ligand O calmodulin
A: The signals that generate outside the cell in their surrounding environment or far away are received…
Q: how the sequential opening and closing of voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels leads to…
A: Answer: sequential opening and closing of voltage gated sodium potassium channels leads to…
Q: In one to two sentences.. describe what the difference between nuclei and ganglia is
A: NUCLEI - In Nervous system Nuclei is referred to as a cluster of neurons in the central nervous…
Q: Which among the following statement is INCORRECT?(This is a multiple choice question choose the…
A: Statement A: Motor neurons can cause the secretion of hormones from endocrine glands in addition to…
Q: 1. What happens to synaptic transmission during an experiment if the preparation (containing 1…
A: Introduction Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers or signaling molecules released from neurons…
Q: 4. Sensory fibers, or pathways, are referred to as "afferent." Motor fibers, or pathways, are…
A: Nervous system consist of: 1) central nervous system consist of spinal cord & Brain 2)…
Q: You are being approached by a bear in the woods. Unlike what you may have heard, you do not want to…
A: Autonomous Nervous system The autonomous Nervous system is a division of the peripheral nervous…
Q: 1. Action potentials are generated in a region called the _______ which includes the axon hillock…
A: Action potentials are generated in a region called the initial segment which includes the axon…
Q: How does partial damage to the neuronal membrane lead to excessive amounts of neurotransmitter…
A: Neurotransmitters are found in the synaptic vesicles and help in transmission of impulses across the…
Q: 1. Which statement about the synapse is false? a. The synapse is the place where the dendrites of…
A: In the CNS (central nerves system), a synapse is essentially a tiny void or junction between the…
Q: 8) A common treat for people who have overactive bladder is the prescription of cholinergic…
A: Introduction: Overactive bladder is a problem with the proper functioning of bladder that results in…
Q: 3. Explain the difference between a graded potential and an action potential.
A: Cells communicate with one another via secreted proteins that are specific to each type of cell.…
Q: 1. What would occur if there were holes in the myelin of a nerve cell that were not nodes? If there…
A: Nerve cell is the structural and functional unit of nervous system. It is also called as neurons and…
Q: 1. Which of the following divisions of the nervous system is first to transmit sensory information…
A: Introduction Breathing, walking, thinking, and feeling are all controlled by the neurological…
Q: 1. Compare and Contrast the following: A. Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System
A: The control and coordination of the body in humans occur by two systems: the nervous system and the…
Q: 1. It is not important to know the actual numbers for absolute or relative refractory periods. Due…
A: Action potential always propagates at the same amplitude through the whole length of an axon. But,…
Q: 4. a) Which channel/s is/are open when resting membrane potential is formed? b) Which channel/s…
A: a) Normally indide of the cell is negetively charged and outside is positively charged. Resting…
Q: 8. What is the single most important piece of information in determining the response of a post-…
A: Neurotransmitters are the chemical messengers that are released from the axon terminal of one neuron…
Q: Cell A is a glutamatergic neuron with a single synapse onto Cell B. Which of the following events…
A: Introduction A Temporary Change In The Electric Polarisation Of A Nerve Cell's Membrane Is Referred…
Q: 5. Use the diagram below to answer the following questions. А. How would nerve impulse transmission…
A: The nerve tissue is made up of many nerve cells called as neurons. These neurons are the structural…
Q: Differentiate the following: a. central from peripheral nervous system b. somatic from autonomic…
A: Nervous system:The nervous system is made up of nervs and the basis unit of Nervous system are…
Q: 5.. How would your nervous system respond if you encounter a snake on a hiking trail? The…
A: The nervous system is made up of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, and spinal nerves. It is…
Q: 1. If you block calcium channels on an axon, which will not occur? A) exocytosis of neurotransmitter…
A: A calcium channel is an ion channel that is selectively permeable to calcium ions. It is also called…
Q: 1. Certain neurological diseases, like multiple sclerosis, are hallmarked by progressive…
A: In multiple sclerosis disease, the central nervous system (the brain, the spinal cord and optic…
Q: 2. Define the following terms: Neuroglia Schwann cell Sensory neurons Motor neurons
A: The part of animal's body that is responsible for the coordination of body parts and transmission of…
Q: 2. Which of the following is not one of the basic functions of the nervous system? a. Formulate…
A: NOT A BASIC FUNCTION: ANS : option ~ [C]
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps
- Which of the following does not contribute to propagation of action potentials? a. As the area outside the membrane becomes negative, itattracts ions from adjacent regions; as the inside of the membrane becomes positive, it attracts negative ions from nearby in the cytoplasm. These events depolarize nearby regions of the axon membrane. b. The refractory period allows the impulse to travel in only one direction. c. Each segment of the axon prevents the adjacent segments from firing. d. The magnitude of the action potential stays the same as it travels down the axon. e. Up to a limit, increasing the intensity of the stimulus increases the number of action potentials.The major role of the Na+/K+ pump is to: a. cause a rapid firing of the action potential so the inside of themembrane becomes momentarily positive. b. decrease the resting membrane potential to zero. c. hyperpolarize the membrane above resting value. d. cause an action potential to enter a refractory period. e. maintain the resting membrane potential at a constantnegative value.Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/summation) to learn about summation. The process of converting electrical signals to chemical signals and back requires subtle changes that can result in transient increases or decreases in membrane voltage. To cause a lasting change in the target cell, multiple signals are usually added together, or summated. Does spatial summation have to happen all at once, or can the separate signals arrive on the postsynaptic neuron at slightly different times? Explain your answer.
- Describe the contribution of each of the following to establishing and maintaining membrane potential: (a) the Na+K+ pump, (b) passive movement of K+ across the membrane, (c) passive movement of Na+ across the membrane, and (d) the large intracellular anions.1. Shown below are figures of the closed and open structures of the voltage gated potassium channel protein in the cell membrane of a neuronal cell. Extracellular CLOSED Extracellular OPEN Cytosol Region A Cytosol Region A Region A of the channel protein functions as a paddle. The paddles move up and down, opening and closing the central pore through which potassium ions flow. The resting membrane potential of a neuronal cell is -70mV. Action potential +40 a. The action potential graph is shown on the right, at what point in the graph or when would voltage gated potassium channels be closed and when would they be open? Choose from Resting, depolarization, repolarization or refractory period. Describe briefly. Threshold -55 Failed initiations Resting state -70 Stimulus 1 Refractory period b. Would potassium ions move in or out of the cell when the voltage gated potassium channels are open? 1 Time (ms) What kind/type of amino acids would be present in region A of the voltage gated…3.) Signals are passed from axon to axon when neurotransmitter molecules are released from the presynaptic axon and diffuses across a small distance, called the synaptic cleft, to reach the post synaptic axon. If the neurotransmitter released by the presynaptic axon is dopamine and the diffusion distance across the synaptic cleft is 20 nm then how long will it take to pass the signal? The viscosity of the interstitial fluid in the synapse is 0.012 Pa*s. (You must look up dopamine properties to solve) Synapse Suiknce Facts aut Synaptic vesicle Voltage-gated Ca? /channel Presynaptic neuron Neurotransmitter molecules Synaptic cleft lon channel receptor Postsynaptic- neuron
- 20. The figure below shows the pathway through which nitric oxide (NO) triggers smooth muscle relaxation in a blood- vessel wall. Which of the following situations would lead to relaxation of the smooth muscle cells in the absence of acetylcholine? arginine Answer: activated. nerve terminal -acetylcholine NO endothelial cell RAPID DIFFUSION OF NO ACROSS MEMBRANES NO bound to guanylyl cyclase GTP cyclic GMP RAPID RELAXATION OF SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL smooth muscle cell A) A smooth muscle cell that has a defect in guanylyl cyclase such that it cannot bind NO B) A muscle cell that has a defect in guanylyl cyclase such that it constitutively converts GTP to cyclic GMP C) A muscle cell that has cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase constitutively active D) A drug that blocks an enzyme involved in the metabolic pathway from arginine to NO E) None of the above Explanation:6. If the action potentials shown in the diagram below occur sequentially and in close temporal proximity, what will be the final result in cell D? In this notation, < indicates an excitatory an inhibitory synapse. Focus on overall effects – excitation and inhibition – don't worry about quantifying responses here. (Hint: you may want to identify what is happening at each cell and then how that will be affected by the activation of the previous cell) synapse and indicates Above Above threshold stimulation Above threshold stimulation threshold stimulation D3) You are investigating the ionic selectivity of an ion channel opened by activation of a specific group of ionotropic receptors. You use the ionic concentrations shown in the following table and determine that the reversal potential for activation of the receptors is -10 mV? Ion Intracellular (mM) Extracellular (mM) Equilibrium Potential (E1on) K+ 140 5 Na+ 10 145 Ca2+ 0.0001 2 Cl- 6. 106 a) Use the Nernst equation to calculate the equilibrium potential for each ion above. b) Is it likely that ion channel is selective to a single ion? Why or why not? c) Provide one possible ionic selectivity for this channel that could give rise to the following reversal potential. d) How would you determine if this possibility is correct?
- 1.A poison causes a drastic rise inE value with stimulation of the membrane.Thereafter membrane is slow to return towards resting membrane potential and levels off several millivolts above the threshold potential. This poison has likely affect which feature of the membrane? a) voltage gated na+ channels. b) voltage gated K+ channels. c) Na+/K+ Atp pump 2. All cell membrane demonstrate action potential if stimulated enough? True/False. 3. how many peaks are there in a compound action potential? a)2. b)4 c)6 d)8 4. Increasing the ionic concentration in the salt bridge results in E value increase to a point after which it plateeus. This is evidence brownian movement at work in the ionic solution that is keeping from energy flowing through the bridge with the fidelity that is seen in the metal bridge? True/ False 5. All cell membrane demonstrate action potential if stimulated enough? True or False.Which of the following statements best describes the features of voltage-gated K+ channels? They consist of 4 subunits, are activated at the same time as voltage-gated Na+ channels, but do not inactivate. They consist of 4 subunits, are activated by depolarisation and close slowly during the refractory period. They have 24 membrane spanning alpha helices, 4 of which have positively charged amino acids which promote a conformational change in the channel following depolarisation. They consist of 4 subunits and are open at rest which causes the resting membrane potential to be close to the K+ equilibrium potential.Fill in the diagram, your illustration should demonstrate for each phase of the AP: 1. The relative concentration of K and Na 2. The relative voltage across the membrane 3. Any movement across the membrane of K and NA 4. The three kinds of channels in the membrane, and their state (open or closed) 5. Finally, indicate on the graph of the AP which phases correspond to hyper- polarization and which phases correspond to de- polarization Outside Outside Inside Inside Outside Inside Outside 1 Outside Inside Inside
