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Bones are hard and rigid internal structures made up of calcium and phosphates. They constitue the skeleton system that give support to our body and protects organs. The bones provide attachment for large muscles that help in the movement of the body due to contraction and relaxation.
Norma frontalis – anterior view of the skull showing Interior of the skull containing fossae and ventricles
Skull rests upon the upper end of the vertebral column and its bony structure consists of bones of the cranium, ear ossicles, hyoid bone, bones of the face. There are two orbital cavities and one nasal cavity. It is composed of 29 bones.
Cranium is formed of 8 bones and provide protection to the brain. It is composed of 1 frontal bone, 2 parietal bones, 2 temporal bones, 1 occipital bone, 1 sphenoid, and 1 ethmoid bone. The temporal bone has a projection called the mastoid process. The cranial cavity in which the brain is lodged posteriorly opens by foramen magnum.
Ear ossicles are 6 in number: 2 malleus, 2 incus and 2 stapes.
Hypoid bone is situated in the wall of the upper part of the throat just above the larynx and serves as a point of attachment for some of the muscles of the tongue and floor of the mouth. This bone does not articulate with any of the other bones.
There are 14 bones that form face: 2 zygomatic bones, 2 maxilla, 2 nasal bones, 2 lacrimal bones, 1 vomer, 2 palatine bones, 2 inferior nasal turbinated bones and 1 mandible.
The brain is protected by the cranium and the forebrain is consists of cerebrum whose outer portion is called as the cerebral cortex. The surface of the cortex is greatly folded. The upward folds are known as gyri alternate with the downward grooves known as sulci.
Foramina are the cavities present in the skull bones that provide the passage to the nerve fibers. There are several foramina present in the skull.
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