Which of the following predictions does neutral theory make? all loci are equally constrained in their evolution there is no way to determine the age of divergence of two genes there is no way to determine which genes are undergoing selection intraspecfic variation and interspecific variation of genes are directly correlated

Which of the following predictions does neutral theory make? all loci are equally constrained in their evolution there is no way to determine the age of divergence of two genes there is no way to determine which genes are undergoing selection intraspecfic variation and interspecific variation of genes are directly correlated

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Chapter21: Microevolution: Genetic Changes Within Populations

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1TYK: The reason spontaneous mutations do not have an immediate effect on allele frequencies in a large...

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The ratio of nonsynonymous differences pernonsynonymous site, dN, to synonymous differences per synonymous site, dS, can be usedto test for positive selection Imagine that in a duplicate pair of loci, oneparalog is evolving neutrally while the other isevolving under strong positive selection. Whatspecific data are needed to detect that situationusing the dN/dS ratio, and what pattern do youexpect to see?
Which of the following is likely to be most important in the evolution of two species from one population of another species? O some kind of barrier that physically divides the original species into two sub-populations a change in the environment such that one sub-population experiences differential natural selection O reduced performance of gametes (e.g., pollen) in crosses between sub-populations O reduced fitness of offspring resulting from crosses between sub-populations genetic divergence and cessation of gene flow between sub-populations
In many large mammal populations, highways can be barriers to movement - individuals rarely cross them. One solution to this problem has been to install overhead bridges for wildlife to safely cross. The goal is to increase gene flow between the populations on either side of the highway. Which of the following would you expect to see if the bridge is successful in its goal? O Higher levels of drift would occur after the bridge is installed The two populations would have different mutation rates O Both populations would decrease in size O The two populations would become more genetically similar O We would see fewer heterozygotes in both populations
In a population of lizards, color is genetically determined. The current population has two two phenotypes: blue and yellow. Which of the following scenarios could result in evolution by migration? O A disease indiscriminately reduces the population by 90%. Birds are better able to see and therefor prey on blue lizards The population is joined by individuals from a nearby population that has an allele for a red phenotype. Females preferentially mate with individuals exhibiting the blue phenotype.
Color blindness in humans is caused by an X-linked recessive allele. Ten percent of the males of a large andrandomly mating population are color-blind. A representative group of 1000 people from this population migrates to a South Pacific island, where there are already1000 inhabitants and where 30 percent of the males arecolor-blind. Assuming that Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium applies throughout (in the two original populationsbefore the migration and in the mixed population immediately after the migration), what fraction of malesand females can be expected to be color-blind in the generation immediately after the arrival of the migrants?
n class we investigated the reason cystic fibrosis is maintained in the human population in higher frequency than we expected given the deleterious effects of being homozygous at the CFTR gene. We calculated the actual mutation rate of the CFTR gene to be 6.7 x 10-7. The mutation rate expected under mutation-selection balance was 4 x 10-4. What is the most plausible explanation as to why cystic fibrosis is maintained in the human population at a higher frequency than we expect? a. Negative selection against the CFTR deleterious alleles is too weak to eliminate the alleles from the human population. b. Positive selection for the CFTR deleterious alleles is likely occurring in response to some other selective pressure in the human population, possibly resistance to typhoid fever. c. The CFTR gene has an exceedingly low mutation rate causing humans to have no genetic variation at that gene. d. The CFTR gene has an exceedingly high mutation rate and that is…
A/A and A/a individuals are equally fertile. If 0.1 percent of the population is a /a, what selection pressureexists against a /a if the A → a mutation rate is 10−5 ?Assume that the frequencies of the alleles are at theirequilibrium values.
Most new mutations are detrimental, yet rare beneficial mutations canbe adaptive. With regard to the fate of new mutations, discuss whetheryou think it is more important for natural selection to select againstdetrimental alleles or to select in favor of beneficial ones. Which doyou think is more significant in human populations?
The sd gene causes a lethal disease of infancy in humanswhen homozygous. One in 100,000 newborns die eachyear of this disease. The mutation rate from Sd to sd is2 × 10−4. What must the fitness of the heterozygote be toexplain the observed gene frequency in view of the mutation rate? Assign a relative fitness of 1.0 to Sd /Sd homozygotes. Assume that the population is at equilibriumwith respect to the frequency of sd.
When considering synonymous and nonsynonymous mutations within a population, which of the following is TRUE? O Nonsynonymous mutations will more often be removed by purifying selection The two types of mutations are not distinguished by purifying selection O Synonymous mutations will more often be removed by purifying selection Only synonymous mutations are retained by natural selection O Only nonsynonymous mutations are retained over the course of evolution
The original source of new alleles, upon which selection operates,is mutation, a random event that occurs without regard to selectionalvalue in the organism. Although many model organismshave been used to study mutational events in populations, someinvestigators have developed abiotic molecular models. Soll et al.(2006. Genetics 175:267–275) examined one such model to studythe relationship between both deleterious and advantageousmutations and population size in a ligase molecule composed ofRNA (a ribozyme). Soll found that the smaller the population ofmolecules, the more likely it was that not only deleterious mutationsbut also advantageous mutations would disappear. Whywould population size influence the survival of both types ofmutations (deleterious and advantageous) in populations?
What describes the phenotypic plasticity of an organism best? O the degree of which individuals can change over time by altering their genotype O the effect of variable environment on the genotype of an organism O the variation of the target phenotype for a given genotype in different environments O the change of a phenotype due to ingestion of detrimental plastic material (as for instance plastic straws by sea turtles). O the degree of which a given genotype is adapted to a particular environment