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- Jill is diagnosed with sensorineural deafness, a disorder in which sound waves are transmitted normally to the inner ear but they are not translated into neural signals that travel to the brain. Sometimes the cause is a problem with the auditory nerve, but in Jills case it has to do with a problem in the inner ear itself. Where in the inner ear is the disruption most likely to be located?Occupational Hearing Loss Frequent exposure to loud noise of a particular pitch can cause loss of hair cells in the part of the cochlea that responds to that pitch. People who work with or around noisy machinery are at risk for such frequency-specific hearing loss. Taking precautions such as using ear plugs to reduce sound exposure is important. Noise-induced hearing loss can be prevented, but once it occurs it is irreversible because dead or damaged hair cells are not replaced. FIGURE 33.11 shows the threshold decibel levels at which sounds of different frequencies can be detected by an average 25-year-old carpenter, a 50-year-old carpenter, and a 50-year-old who has not been exposed to on-the-job noise. Sound frequencies are given in hertz (cycles per second). The more cycles per second, the higher the pitch. FIGURE 33.11 Effects of age and occupational noise exposure on hearing. The graph shows the threshold hearing capacities (in decibels) for sounds of different frequencies (given in hertz) in a 25-year-old carpenter (blue), a 50-year-old carpenter (red), and a 50-year-old who did not have any on-the-job noise exposure (brown). Which sound frequency was most easily detected by all three people?Occupational Hearing Loss Frequent exposure to loud noise of a particular pitch can cause loss of hair cells in the part of the cochlea that responds to that pitch. People who work with or around noisy machinery are at risk for such frequency-specific hearing loss. Taking precautions such as using ear plugs to reduce sound exposure is important. Noise-induced hearing loss can be prevented, but once it occurs it is irreversible because dead or damaged hair cells are not replaced. FIGURE 33.11 shows the threshold decibel levels at which sounds of different frequencies can be detected by an average 25-year-old carpenter, a 50-year-old carpenter, and a 50-year-old who has not been exposed to on-the-job noise. Sound frequencies are given in hertz (cycles per second). The more cycles per second, the higher the pitch. FIGURE 33.11 Effects of age and occupational noise exposure on hearing. The graph shows the threshold hearing capacities (in decibels) for sounds of different frequencies (given in hertz) in a 25-year-old carpenter (blue), a 50-year-old carpenter (red), and a 50-year-old who did not have any on-the-job noise exposure (brown). How loud did a 1,000-hertz sound have to be for the 50-year-old carpenter to detect it?
- Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/DanielleReed) to learn about Dr. Danielle Reed of the Monell Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia, PA, who became interested in science at an early age because of her sensory experiences. She recognized that her sense of taste was unique compared with other people she knew. Now, she studies the genetic differences between people and their sensitivities to taste stimuli. In the video, there is a brief image of a person sticking out their tongue, which has been covered with a colored dye. This is how Dr. Reed is able to visualize and count papillae on the surface of the tongue. People fall into two large groups known as tasters and non-tasters on the basis of the density of papillae on their tongue, which also indicates the number of taste buds. Non-tasters can taste food, but they are not as sensitive to certain tastes, such as bitterness. Dr. Reed discovered that she is a non-taster, which explains why she perceived bitterness differently than other people she knew. Are you very sensitive to tastes? Can you see any similarities among the members of your family?Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/ear1) to learn more about how the structures of the ear convert sound waves into a neural signal by moving the hairs, or stereocilia, of the cochlear duct. Specific locations along the length of the duct encode specific frequencies, or pitches. The brain interprets the meaning of the sounds we hear as music, speech, noise, etc. Which ear structures are responsible for the amplification and transfer of sound from the external ear to the inner ear?Which of the special senses is based on the following events? Membrane vibrations cause fluid movements, which lead to bending of mechanoreceptors and firing of action potentials. a. taste b. smell c. hearing d. vision
- The O oval window O basilar membrane runs through the cochlea. tympanic membrane auditory canalSounds of different frequencies activate different areas of the basilar membrane, a fact critical for the account of auditory perception. O signal detection O threshold O temporal code O place codeWhich of the following is the correct sequence of structures involved in the hearing process (from external to internal); O Leg bone, hip bone, back bone O None of these is correct O Eyes, ears, nose, throat O Cochlear nerve, cochlea, Ossicles, tympanum, pinna Pinna, tympanum, Ossicles, cochlea, cochlear nerve
- CHAPTER 15 The Special Senses HAPT ne s SECTION 3 Review Labeling Label the structures in the following diagram of the right ear. 2 Middte ear itiple ect the A blir 1EXternal ear 3Internal ear 10 The 11 Cranial nerve VIlI External lacoustic meatus d Cartilage Tympanic membrane Auditory tube Label the structures in the following micrograph of the internal ear. 14 15 16 17 e ano 18 soibnl 19 20 1sed adi to nolldiv ongade lenotaot ait taniope eles Section integration For a few seconds after you ride an express elevator from the 25th floor to the ground floor, you still ot og oro feel as if you are descending, even though you have come to a stop. Why? a t causes the maculae in the saccule op Your vestibule to slide upward, while producing the sensation of downward vertical motion when the elevabr Stops, t'll take a few seconds For the maculae to come to rest. As long as the maculae is displaced, move ment will be Perceived.Auditory receptors, are known as hair cells in which of the following?A. In the auditory nerveB. Along the basilar membrane of the cochleaC. Between the incus and the stapesD. In the pinnaThe major function of the ossicles of the ear are to; O All of these are correct O Connect the tympanum to the cochlea None of these is correct Transmit the vibrations from the tympanum to the inner ear O Amplify the mechanical vibrations so that they will generate waves inside the cochlea
