Which of the following are correct responses to low cellular energy charge? Choose all that apply. b C d e f & Multiple answers: Multiple answers are accepted for this question Decreased catalytic activity of pyruvate carboxylase Decreased flux through the citric acid cycle Increased PDH complex activity Decreased use of citrate for fatty acid synthesis Decreased catalytic activity of pyruvate kinase Decreased activity of PDH kinase Decreased conversion of oxaloacetate to malate

Which of the following are correct responses to low cellular energy charge? Choose all that apply. b C d e f & Multiple answers: Multiple answers are accepted for this question Decreased catalytic activity of pyruvate carboxylase Decreased flux through the citric acid cycle Increased PDH complex activity Decreased use of citrate for fatty acid synthesis Decreased catalytic activity of pyruvate kinase Decreased activity of PDH kinase Decreased conversion of oxaloacetate to malate

Biochemistry

6th Edition

ISBN:9781305577206

Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Publisher:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Chapter19: The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 22P: Study Figure 19.18 and decide which of the following statements is false. Pyruvate dehydrogenase is...

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What is the effect of a defective a(1→ 4) phosphatase in Pompe's disease (GSD II)? O Accumulation of abnormal, unbranched glycogen, leading to heart or liver failure and short fife expectancy O Glycogen accumulation in heart, leading to heart failure, muscle weakness, short life expectancy O Absence of UDP-glucose conversion to glycogen, leading to lack of muscle glycogen, exercise intolerance Glycogen accumulation due to lack of glucose-6-phosphate conversion to glucose, leading to liver enlargement, hypoglycemia, short life expectancy O Lack of complete degradation of glycogen to glucose. leading to mild hypoglycemia, enlarged liver and muscle weakness Submit Request Answer
What type of regulation would be expected when anaerobic metabolism is occurring in the muscle? Select all that apply. O Activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase O Increased levels of calcium to activate pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase O Phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase O Inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex O Increased levels of NADH to activate citrate synthase O Increased levels of NADH to inhibit alpha-ketogluterate dehydrogenase complex O Increased levels of acetyl CoA to activate pyruvate carboxylase for gluconeogenesis
Of the allosteric enzymes listed below, which are suppressed by NADH? Select all that apply. the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex U isocitrate dehydrogenase pyruvate kinase Ophosphofructokinase hexokinase Oglucokinase
During Krebs cycle, the conversion of isocitrate to alpha-keto glutarate involves all of the following reactions/mechanisms except Reduction of isocitrate Reduction of NAD+ Decarboxylation of isocitrate Oxidation of isocitrate
Why would LDH be up- or down-regulated depending on location of cancer cells? Anaerobic cancer cells enhance rates of ATP production and rely on pyruvate to lactate conversion. LDH5 expressed can vary in favoring pyruvate for conversion to lactate (anaerobic metabolism). Aerobic compartments in newly formed fibrobasts and vessels use lactate to convert to pyruvate for oxidative phosphorylation and favor lactate conversion to pyruvate by LDH1 (aerobic metabolism). Lactate dehydrogenase is upregulated in both cancer cells and supporting stroma and vessels, thus only LDH5 is upregulated showing enhanced expression levels and thus presence at the plasma membrane to increase levels of lactate for export, LDH1 levels are always consistent. LDH1 is upregulated in response to the export of lactate by MCT1, while LDH5 is down-regulated Neither LDH1 or LDH5 are both consistently expressed, regardless of oxygen levels
Consider regulation of glycolysis vs gluconeogenesis in the liver. Which of the following are more likely to promote the activity of gluconeogenesis rather than glycolysis? (select all that apply) Group of answer choices An increase in the ATP/AMP ratio A decrease/lack of F-2,6-BP The cell is in a low energy state Insulin signaling Glucagon signaling An abundance of citric acid cycle intermediates (i.e. citrate) Intense exercise Inhibition of pyruvate carboxylase Fasting
In order for a fatty acid stored in an adipocyte to be oxidized by a muscle cell, which of the following will need to be present/utilized? Check all that apply. Multiple answers can be selected Acyl CoA Synthetase CD36 malate-aspartate shuttle dephosphorylated hormone-sensitive lipase GLUT 4
Xylulose-5-phosphate is an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway (see Figure). As xylulose-5-phosphate levels rise in response to excess glucose shunting through the pentose phosphate pathway, does flux through glycolysis increase or decrease?
After pyruvate is formed, it must either be converted to another molecule to enter the citric acid cycle and ultimately produce ATP by utilizing the electron-transport chain, or go through alternate pathways to produce NAD Identify the products formed in the pathway of pyruvate and indicate whether NADH+H or NAD are produced under aerobic and anaerobic respiration Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. ▸ View Available Hint(s) Reset Help Alcohol (ethanol) Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration Acetyl coenzyme A Normal cell Yeast Lactate NAD+ produced NADH+H* produced Submit End products NAD*/ NADH+H* Previous Answers Request Answer Group 1 Group 2 Exercising Muscle Lactate Group 2 Group 1 Group 2
Thyroid hormones are intimately involved in regulating the basal metabolic rate. Liver tissue of animals given excess thyroxine shows an increased rate of O, consumption and increased heat output (thermogenesis), but the ATP concentration in the tissue is normal. Different explanations have been offered for the thermogenic effect of thyroxine. One is that excess thyroxine causes uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. Which statements explain how excess thyroxine might cause the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria? Thyroxine stimulates the hypothalamus to release norepinephrine, which uncouples ß oxidation in adiopcytes. Thyroxine acts as a channel in the inner mitochondrial membrane that allows protons to reenter the mitochondrial matrix. Thyroxine directly uncouples oxidative phosphorylation to lower the P/O ratio. Thyroxine directly inhibits ATP synthase to uncouple / oxidation. Thyroxine stimulates synthesis of the uncoupling protein UCPI.
Regulation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH) is dependent on indicators of energy charge (i.e. ATP/ADP ratio) and redox status (i.e. NADH/NAD* ratio). Answer the following questions about regulation of the PDH. a. The PDH is subject to regulation by a kinase and a phosphatase. Upon phosphorylation by the kinase, activity of PDH is reduced. Removal of the phosphoryl by the phosphatase increases activity of PDH. For the following metabolites, select whether the kinase that acts upon PDH is likely to be allosterically activated or inhibited by the molecule. ATP: [Select] NADH: [Select] b. When oxygen is depleted, the electron transport chain does not flow. What effect would these conditions have on activity of the PDH and why? (note, superscript does not work in the dropdown menu so NAD+ = NAD*) What effect?: [Select] Why?: [Select]
Given the following question on the image identify the following:1. Total number of glucose molecules entering glycolysis2. Total number of pyruvate molecules produces at the end of glycolysis3. Total number of mitochondrial NADH produced after pyruvate is acted upon pyruvate dehydrogenase complex4.Total number of CO2 released right after the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex reactionConsider that the shuttle system is maltase-aspartate shuttle