When a vertebrate dies, its muscles stiffen as they are deprived of ATP, a state called rigor mortis. Using your knowledge of the catalytic cycle ofmyosin in muscle contraction, explain the molecular basis of the rigor state.
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When a vertebrate dies, its muscles stiffen as they are deprived of ATP, a state called rigor mortis. Using your knowledge of the catalytic cycle of
myosin in muscle contraction, explain the molecular basis of the rigor state.
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- When you hold a weight at arm's length, you are not doing any thermodynamic work but the muscles supporting the weight are nevertheless consuming energy. Describe, on the molecular level, how muscles might maintain such state of constant tension without contracting. Why does this state consume ATP?Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is important for cell survival. The synthesis of S1P from sphingosine and ATP is catalyzed by the enzyme sphingosine kinase. An understanding of the kinetics of the sphingosine kinase reaction may be important in the development of drugs to treat cancer. The velocity of the sphingosine kinase reaction was measured in the presence and absence of threo-sphingosine, a stereoisomer of sphingosine that inhibits the enzyme. The results are shown below. Construct a Lineweaver-Burk plot to answer the following questions: (a) What are the apparent KM and Vmax values in the presence and absence of the inhibitor? (b) What kind of an inhibitor is threo-sphingosine? Explain.Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is important for cell survival. The synthesis of S1P from sphingosine and ATP is catalyzed by the enzyme sphingosine kinase. An understanding of the kinetics of the sphingosine kinase reaction may be important in the development of drugs to treat cancer. The velocity of the sphingosine kinase reaction was measured in the presence and absence of threo-sphingosine, a stereoisomer of sphingosine that inhibits the enzyme. The results are shown below. Construct a Lineweaver–Burk plot to answer the following questions: (a) What are the apparent KM and Vmax values in the presence and absence of the inhibitor? (b) What kind of an inhibitor is threo-sphingosine? Explain.
- Intramitochondrial ATP concentrations are about 5 mM, and phosphate concentration is about 10 mM. If ADP is five times more abundant than AMP,calculate the molar concentrations of ADP and AMP at an energy charge of 0.85. Calculate ∆G for ATP hydrolysis at 37 °C under these conditions.The energy charge is the concentration of ATP plus half the concentration of ADP divided by the total adenine nucleotide concentration.Intracellular concentrations in resting muscle are as follows: fructose- 6-phosphate, 1.0 mM; fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, 10 mM; AMP, 0.1 mM; ADP, 0.5 mM; ATP, 5 mM; and P, 10 mM. Is the phosphofructokinase reac- tion in muscle more or less exergonic than under standard conditions? By how much?Unlike a rabbit, running all-out for a few moments to escape a predator, migratory birds require energy for extended periods of time. For example, ducks generally fly several thousand miles during their annual migration. The flight muscles of migratory birds have a high oxidative capacity and obtain the necessary ATP through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA (obtained from fats) via the citric acid cycle. Compare the regulation of muscle glycolysis during short-term intense activity, as in a fleeing rabbit, and during extended activity, as in the migrating duck. Why must the regulation in these two settings be different? Extended activity requires the highly efficient anaerobic metabolism of fats, rather than the less efficient aerobic metabolism of glucose. Extended activity requires the highly efficient aerobic oxidation of fats, rather than the less efficient anaerobic metabolism of glucose. Extended activity stimulates glycolysis because the concentrations of citrate and acetyl-CoA are…
- The concentration of blood glucose is approximately 5 mM. You have identified a person whose muscle hexokinase has a Km of 5 mM. Please provide a biochemical explanation for why this person should never fast. Enter your answer hereHow many net ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of one molecule of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3 BPG) in a neuron?Coupled reactions occur where a nonspontaneous reaction is enabled by coupling it to a spontaneous reaction. This approach is common in biological settings. Determine if ATP could be generated by this biochemical reaction. You have calculated that cell potential is +0.637V. An example of a coupled reaction is the first step of glycolysis, the phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate shown below. The net ∆Gº for this reaction is
- In active muscle cells, the pO₂ is about 10 torr at the cell surface and 1 torr at the mitochondria (the organelles where oxidative metabolism occurs). Calculate the percentage of bound oxygen transported to the mitochondria of muscle cells by myoglobin (KD = 2 torr). A new oxygen transport protein that exhibits cooperative binding has been isolated and is being studied in the lab. Calculate the Ko value if Y = 0.76 when pO₂2 = 18 torr (assume n = 2.5). How does this compare to the K₂ value for hemoglobin? Does this protein bind more or less tightly to oxygen compared to hemoglobin?After the training of marathon, lactic acid is accumulated in the athlete's thigh muscle. Compare the physiological functions and Vmax of glycogen phosphorylase in actively working skeletal muscle and that in liver After vigorous exercise, the athlete faints due to low blood glucose level. A liver biopsy test shows excess amount of glycogen is present in the liver. Suggest with explanation, which type of enzyme is defective in this case.In muscle tissue, the rate of conversion of glycogen to glucose 6-phosphate is determined by the ratio of phosphorylase a (active) to phosphorylase b (less active). Determine what happens to the rate of glycogen breakdown if a muscle preparation containing glycogen phosphorylase is treated with: (a) phosphorylase kinase and ATP; (b) PP1; (c) epinephrine