What are the problems of using Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage in the ac- count of the real-world trade between countries and to argue for free trade? [Note: your answer must include the following opportunity costs, concentration/specialization of production]. (ch. 6)
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- Under what conditions does comparative advantage lead to gains from trade?How does comparative advantage lead to gains from trade?International Trade Suppose the production of chocolate and wine per hour of labor in Italy and France is as follows: Chocolate (C) Wine (W) Italy (I) 8 bars 4 bottles France (F) 6 bars 2 bottles a) Which country has the absolute advantage in chocolate production? Does the same country also have the comparative advantage in chocolate production? Explain your answers. b) Suppose that with free trade the price of one bottle of wine is 2.5 bars of chocolate. Further suppose that 100 million hours of labor are available in both countries. Carefully draw the production possibility curves in each country both with and without free trade. With reference to the graphs, briefly explain in words how free trade can help both countries become better off.
- 5. Free-trade benefits In addition to the positive welfare effects that free trade has on an economy, there are a variety of other benefits of international trade. Consider the following scenario: Without free trade, Sapphira has market power as a local producer. Once free trade is implemented in the local economy, Sapphira is no longer able to raise its prices above competitive levels. The previous scenario represents which of the following benefits of free trade? O An enhanced flow of ideas O Increased competition O Increased variety of goods O Lower costs through economies of scaleAssume the following information shows the output of 2 goods in 2 countries before specialization. [Also assume that the same amount of resources are used by both countries and are equally divided between their two industries, 1 and 3.] Automobiles Computers U.S. 20 15 Germany 15 5 Which country has the absolute advantage in automobile production? Why? In Germany, the opportunity cost of producing 1 automobile is the loss of _________. Which country has the comparative advantage in automobile production? Why? If both countries produce according to the respective comparative advantages, what goods will the U.S. and Germany end up producing after specialization? Gains from Trade: How many more units of total output (automobiles + computers) will be produced after specialization? Terms of Trade: If the U.S. and Germany trade with each other, and the U.S. sends Germany 10 computers, at least how many autos will the U.S. expect in return? Be specific. Draw the PPF for…6. Violations of the factor-endowment theory of trade While different natural resources and the theory of comparative advantage can explain many trade patterns, they cannot explain all types of trade that economists observe. Consider each scenario in the following table and determine which theory best explains the trade pattern described. Scenario Since the turn of the century, nearly all X-ray machines purchased by hospitals have been made in Alloway. However, engineers in Osteoville recently designed an X-Ray machine that produces much more accurate results, leading to fewer malpractice cases and more reliable diagnoses. These new X-ray machines quickly become the industry standard. As a result of this, the production of X-ray machines is thriving in Osteoville, while firms in Alloway lose market share and begin trying to develop a new source of advantage. Ice wine is a special spirit that can only be made during a few months in the winter. The nations of Fruzenton and Grappovia are…