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Q: oxidation
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A: The oxidation state of osmium (Os) in OsO4 = ?
What are the oxidation numbers of the following:
(a) Ca in Ca2+
(b) Al in Al(OH)3
(c) Al in Al3+
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- (a) How many elements are found in period 4 in the periodic table? (b) How many elements are found in group 4A (or 14)?Consider the following organic substances: ethanol, propane,hexane, and propanol. (a) Which of these molecules contains an OH group? (b) Which of these molecules containsthree carbon atoms?2.43 g magnesium was completely burnt in oxygen to give magnesium oxide. 2 Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2 MgO(s) (Relative atomic masses: O = 16.0, Mg = 24.3) (a) Draw the electronic diagrams of O2 and MgO, showing electrons in the outermost shell only. (b) (i) How many mole of magnesium was present? (ii) How many mole of oxygen was required to completely react with the amount of magnesium in (i)? (iii) Hence, calculate the amount of oxygen required to completely react with the magnesium. (c) Similarly, calculate the amount of MgO formed.
- Phosphorus trichloride is important in the manufacture of insecticides, fuel additives, and flame retardants. Phosphorushas only one naturally occurring isotope, ³¹P, whereas chlorinehas two, ³⁵Cl (75%) and ³⁷Cl (25%). (a) What different molecu-lar masses (amu) can be found for PCl₃? (b) Which is the mostabundant? (c) What is the ratio of the effusion rates of the heavi-est and the lightest PCl₃ molecules?Chlorine reacts with oxygen to form Cl2O7. (a) What is the name of this product (see Table 2.6)? (b) Write a balanced equation for the formation of Cl2O7(l) from the elements. (c) Under usual conditions, Cl2O7 is a colorless liquid with a boiling point of 81℃. Is this boiling point expected or surprising? (d) Would you expect Cl2O7 to be more reactive toward H+(aq) or OH− (aq)? Explain. (e) If the oxygen in Cl2O7 is considered to have the -2 oxidation state, what is the oxidation state of the Cl? What is the electron configuration of Cl in this oxidation state?6. A solid circular cone made of pure platinum (d = 21.45 g/cm³) has a diameter of 2.75 cm and a height of %3D 3.00 inches. (a) How many moles of platinum are there in the cone? (b) How many electrons are there in the cone?
- What are the basic units-single atoms, molecules, or for- mula units-that compose each substance? (a) BaBr2 (b) Ne (c) I2 (d) COIn 1961, scientists agreed that the atomic mass unit (amu)would be defined as the mass of an atom of 12C. Before then,it was defined as the average mass of an atom of naturally occurring oxygen (a mixture of 16O, 17O, and 18O). The current atomic mass of oxygen is 15.9994 amu. (a) Did Avogadro’snumber change after the definition of an amu changed and, if so,in what direction? (b) Did the definition of the mole change?(c) Did the mass of a mole of a substance change? (d) Before1961, was Avogadro’s number 6.021023(when considered tothree significant figures), as it is today?Write the name of each of the following substances: (W (a) (HCOO)2Ni-½H2O (b) Zn(SCN)2 (c) Ag2CrO4 (d) HIO2(aq)
- Before the use of systematic names, many compounds had common names. Give the systematic name for each of the following: (a) Blue vitriol, CuSO4*5H2O (b) Slaked lime, Ca(OH)2 (c) Oil of vitriol, H2SO4 (d) Washing soda, Na2CO3 (e) Muriatic acid, HCl (f) Epsom salt, MgSO4*7H2O (g) Chalk, CaCO3 (h) Dry ice, CO2 (i) Baking soda, NaHCO3 (j) Lye, NaOHA gaseous binary compound has a vapor density that is 1.94 times that of oxygen at the same temperature and pressure. When 1.39 g of the gas is burned in an excess of oxygen, 1.21 g water is formed, removing all the hydrogen originally present.(a) Estimate the molecular mass of the gaseous compound.(b) How many hydrogen atoms are there in a molecule ofthe compound?(c) What is the maximum possible value of the atomicmass of the second element in the compound?(d) Are other values possible for the atomic mass of thesecond element? Use a table of atomic masses to identify the element that best fits the data.(e) What is the molecular formula of the compound?Which compound of calcium is used for swimming pool water and sewage treatment? (A) Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2 (B) Calcium hypochlorite, Ca(OCl)2 (C) Calcium carbonate, CaCO3 (D) Calcium oxide, CaO