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What adaptive advantages might centralization and
cephalization offer in the evolution of nervous system
organization?
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- What adaptive advantage do synapses provide in nervoussystems (i.e., why isn’t the nervous system just a mesh of cellscytoplasmically connected through gap junctions)?Which of the following describe the myelination of the nervous system correctly? Please select all that apply. A) Caudal structures are myelinated before rostral structures. B) Myelination of the human central nervous system is not complete until around the age of 25 years. C) Sensory systems are myelinated before motor systems in the cerebral cortex. D) Myelination at different ages is not very predictive of behavioral differences.The development of a) transmembrane proteins b) cell-cell signaling c) dendritic spines is the first known evolutionary precursor to synapses. d) GABA receptors
- When expert pianists listen to familiar, well-practiced music, they imagine the finger movements, and the finger area of their motor cortex becomes active, even if they are not moving their fingers (Haueisen & Knösche, 2001). If we regard those neurons as another kind of mirror neuron, what do these results imply about the origin of mirror neurons?If the gene for B-catenin is knocked out, what will happen to synapse development? a) Adhesion molecules will be anchored too tightly b) The number of synaptic spines will decrease c) Synaptic spines will not be pruned d) Synaptic spines will be over-prunedCompared to sparrows, neurons in larger dinosaurs would probably have ______________ myelin and be ____________ than sparrow neurons. A) less, wider B) less, narrower C) more, wider D) more, narrower
- Which of the following would you NOT expect with respect to variation in neural conduction velocity? Neural conduction speed increases over developmental time as Schwann cells synthesize myelin sheaths, insulating neurons Neural conduction velocity is higher in invertebrate species with insulating sheaths functionally equivalent to vertebrate myelin Neurons and species with larger axon diameters should have greater conduction velocities Neural networks with greater serial processing (i.e., lines of connecting neurons) should have greater neural conduction velocities. The thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine and thyroxine) have a range of roles in regulating growth and metabolism. Thyroid hormones act throughout the body to regulate protein synthesis, long bone growth, and neural maturation. This represents an ______ effect of thyroid hormones. At the same time, through some unknown mechanism, application of thyroid hormones results in an immediate reduction in body temperature, which…Schwann cells are a type of glial cell found in the nervous system. In addition to the conduction of nerve impulses, the outermost layer called neurilemma aids in nerve development and regeneration. After examining the image below, can you explain why brain cells have limited capacity for regeneration? Human Brain Cross Section. Rajalakshmi L Nair et al. Select one: a. Neurons in the central nervous system lack neurilemma of Schwann cells. O b. Neurons in the central nervous system are surrounded by white matter. c. Axons of the peripheral nervous system lack neurilemma of Schwann cells. d. Neurons in the peripheral nervous system are surrounded by grey matter.Many neurotoxins have been used extensively in physiological studies of neurons. When comparing tetrodotoxin found in puffer fish and batrachotoxins from poison dart-frogs, the former had no effect on a neurons resting potential but completely stopped its action potential, whereas the later toxin immediately initiates depolarization of a neuron but prevents repolarization. Can your group hypothesize how these toxins affect the nerve transmission differently?
- Action potentials and graded potentials both…A) Propagate long distances through neural structures, without attenuation in their amplitude.B) Can directly excite or inhibit neurons.C) Can propagate at speeds of up to 120 meters per second.D) Involve voltage-gated Nav and Kv channels.E) Are capable of triggering synaptic exocytosis in neurons of the vertebrate retinaWhat is neuroplasticity? How do people become more intelligent? How does the diagram of the neurons “At birth verses at age 6, demonstrate how people become more intelligent? How are our brains like muscles? When do our brains grow the most?How are nervous systems adaptive to animals?