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- Explain the structural changes in the Crohn's disease process that led to patient's weight lossCertain malignant tumors of the pancreas cause excessive production of insulin.Affected individuals exhibit shaking and trembling, weakness and fatigue, sweatingand hunger.a) What is the effect of hyperinsulinism on the metabolism of carbohydrates,amino acids, and lipids by the liver?b) What are the causes of the observed symptoms? Suggest why this condition, ifprolonged, leads to brain damage.In many individuals with severe cases of A1AT deficiency (the ZZ genotype), intracellular accumulations in the liver are usually noted upon biopsy. What might be the cause of this phenomenon?
- Individuals with hyperammonemia are given a-ketoacids as a treatment. Explain.The pathophysiology of chronic diabetic complications is related to which process? Question 65 options: a) Oxidative stress and ROS have a limited role in the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus b) Sorbitol and fructose are products of the polyol pathway that accumulate and reduce intracellular osmotic pressure causing cellular injury c) AGEs are formed by the irreversible binding of glucose to proteins, lipids and nucleic acids d) The hexosamine pathway causes pathologic changes in gene expression associated with increased insulin activity and improved cardiovascular healthExplain why low-fat diets supplemented with mediumchain fatty acids are prescribed for patients withabetalipoproteinemia
- The aminoacids, phenylalanine and tyrosine, are degraded to acetoac- etate and fumarate by a single pathway. Name the diseases related to this pathway.The plasma profiles of codeine (COD) and metabolites for 2 individuals (labeled A and B) are shown below. The X-axis is time in hours after an oral dose of codeine. [M=morphine; C6G=COD-6-glucuronide; M3G = morphine-3-glucuronide; NM (ignore)]. Note the data is shown on a log scale on the Y-axis. (A) Which individual is the poor metabolizer? Explain how you know this from the profiles? (B) Is this a problem for cough suppression? Explain. -CH HO Codeine COD 10 000 1000 C6G COD 100 M3G M6G NM 10 M 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 Plasma concentration (nmol I-)Some are unable to taste thiourea and PTC. DNA sequence results for these individuals show a normal predicted amino acid sequence for the TAS2R38 gene. Provide an explanation that can account for insensitivity to thiourea. (a) First assuming a mutation involving the TAS2R38 gene (b) Then assuming a mutation in a gene other than TAS2R38