Use the data in the accompanying table that summarizes results from a clinical trial of a drug. Find the odds ratio and relative risk for an infection in the group treated with the drug compared to the placebo group. Based on this result, does the drug appear to increase the risk of an infection? Why or why not? Drug Treatment Placebo Infection 89 21 No Infection 747 242
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- Url=https%253A%252F%252Fnewconnect.mheducation.com%252F ssignment Saved Aspirin is one of the most widely used anti-inflammatory drugs. A standard adult dose consists of two 325-mg aspirin tablets. Using this adult dose and Clark's rule, find the dose for a 14-year-old boy weighing 102 pounds. mgWhich of the following statements is true of antiviral drugs? Multiple Choice Famciclovir (Famvir) is an analog of acyclovir that is rapidly converted to acyclovir in the tissues. Valacyclovir (Valtrex) is converted to the active antiviral penciclovir. Acyclovir is designated FDA Pregnancy Category D. Acyclovir is used to treat infections of Herpes that occur after a bone marrow transplant.For each of the following examples, indicate whether the drug is acting on physical process, chemical process or enzymatic system (your answer should be only; Physical, Chemical or Enzymatic). Group of answer choices 1. A drug is used as an antidote in lead poisoning and acts by binding to lead particles in body (chelation therapy). 2. A drug acts to reduce flatulence and acts by reducing the surface tension of intestinal gas bubbles in the GI tract (e.g. Simethicone). 3. A drug competes with alpha-glucosidase in intestine to reduce glucose conversion from disaccharides (e.g. Acarbose).
- (a) What is the dosage form of the two above drugs? (b) What is the administration method for the two above drugs? Molnupiravir has not been approved but has been authorized for emergency use by the FDA under an EUA to treat mild to moderate COVID-19 infection. Briefly explain this decision made by FDA based on the knowledge of clinical trials. Both drugs are not allowed to be prescribed to person under 18 years old due to insufficient clinical data. Why is it necessary to separately conduct clinical trials for a younger age group?A report from the U.S. National Academy of Sciencesand the National Academy of Medicine is recommendingthat germ-line therapy trials only be consideredfor serious conditions for which there is no reasonablealternative treatment option, and where both the risk–benefit options and broad oversight are available. Is thiskind of procedure ethical?(a) Resistance of HIV in two patients, followed over time Patient 1 Patient 2 Months of therapy Months 100 of therapy 20 16 11 11 50 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 Concentration of AZT (µM) 37. The graph above shows the resistance of HIV at various concentrations of the antiviral drug, AZT over time. The results illustrate that: a. Every patient reacts the same to HIV b. Some patients have greater resistance to HIV than others c. Resistance to HIV increases over time d. Over time, HIV can become resistant to therapy. Resistance (% relative viability in presence of AZT)
- A researcher is conducting an experiment testing whether a new pharmaceutical drug is able to effectively treat heartburn and has a physician assisting with the study involving volunteers who experience chronic heartburn. Which of the following descriptions most closely describes the control used in this study? Show answer choices The researcher has organized the patients into 4 groups, where patients either take 1 dose of the drug, 2 doses of the drug, 1 dose of the placebo, or 2 doses of the placebo. The physician asks patients to rate their heartburn discomfort on a scale from 1-10 every 5 minutes up to an hour. The physician and patients both do not know if they are receiving the actual drug or a placebo. The placebo pill contains just compressed sugar and no active drug. Patients are randomly selected and placed into the four categories.In an outbreak of varicella (chickenpox) in Oregon in 2002, varicella was diagnosed in 21 of 160 vaccinated children compared with 2 of 9 unvaccinated children. The data are shown in the table below. Calculate an odds ratio for this data. Vaccinated Unvaccinated Total .95 .04 .53 Varicella None of the above 21 2 23 Non-case 139 7 146 Total Scenario and data modified from Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice, Third Edition: An Introduction to Applied Epidemiology and Biostatistics. Choose one best answer. (round up to the second decimal) 160 9 169Miracle Mineral Solution (MMS) can cure AIDS, Ebola, cancer, and malaria. Or at least that the website tells potential customers. The inventor and chief advocate of the products is Jim Humble. There is little evidence to support the fact that MMS does anything to patients aside from making them feel worse than they did before they tried it. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is typical in its conclusions about the so-called miracle drug. The FDA is typical in its conclusions about the so-called miracle drug. The FDA identifies it as 28 percent sodium chlorite, which , when mixed with an acid (as recommended), produces a potent form of bleach. The product’s labels suggest high oral doses for the minimum effect. The FDA states the oral doses will produce nothing but nausea, vomiting, dehydration, and diarrhea. Humble claims to have “treated” 100,000 patients in Mexico and other parts of the world. It is also clear that MMS has been used on pancreatic and lung cancer patients…
- 1) COVID-19 a. Should there be clinical trails performed by agents (institutions) outside the very drug companies that manufacture them? b. Which factors influence the form of treatment in any given nation (example, amount of moeny, profits to be made, accessibility of the treatment, etc.) c. Which type od approaches you think may work the best in form of minimizing COVID-19 infections and the resulting side effectsHow would you connect the case in Covid 19 related on having a malpractice in giving dosage to a patient? thanksPharmacodynamic (PD) Response Biomarkers Instructions Group (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK326791/), a biomarker is used to show that a biological response has occurred in an individual who has been exposed to a medical product or an environmental agent. Match the pharmacodynamic/response biomarker on the left, with the related you can use internet search, FDA According to the FDA-NIH Biomarker Working treatment/disease on the right. Please note that and NIH websites, as well as the on-line library resources. Sweat chloride Response to warfarin treatment International Effect of enzyme replacement therapy for patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type 1 normalized ratio (INR) Response to a B-lymphocyte stimulator inhibitor in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus Viral load Urinary level of glycosaminoglycans Response to cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) potentiating agents in patients with cystic fibrosis Blood pressure Response to antihyperglycemic agents or…