Tumor cells often lack an extensive capillary network and must function under conditions of limited oxygen supply. Explain why these cancer cells take up far more glucose and may overproduce some glycolytic enzymes.
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Tumor cells often lack an extensive capillary network and must function under conditions of limited oxygen supply. Explain why these cancer cells take up far more glucose and may overproduce some glycolytic enzymes.
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- Anemia is characterized by low hemoglobin levels or a reduced number of red blood cells (both of which transport oxygen to cells). A common symptom of anemia is tiredness. a) Explain what the consequences are of anemia on cellular energy production. b) Suggest at least one other cellular effects of anemia and an explanation of this effect.What are four benefits of anaerobic glycolysis in tumor cells? https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-40617-3#Tab1In acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the cancerous white blood cells typically lack the enzyme asparagine synthetase. Why is the administration of asparaginase an eff ective therapy for this type of cancer?
- Regarding cardiovascular disease, match each tern A condition marked by edema of the lungs and shortness of breath, especially when lying down A lesion often seen on the retinal surface (in the eye) of people with diabetes and/or hypertension A triglyceride produced in the liver in response to a high carbohydrate diet that increases chronic disease risk A macrophage that has become engorged with indigestible lipid molecules, leading to inflammation [Choose ] [Choose ] [Choose ] [Choose ] the phrase best describes itHemoglobin molecules exposed to high levels of glucose are converted to glycated products. The glycated product used to measure blood glucose control in diabetics is hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), contained in red blood cells that last around 3 months. In general terms, explain how HbA1C forms and why it is a useful marker for blood glucose control.Explain the term hematopoietic growth factors (HGFs)?
- In the blood coagulation pathway, several proenzymes are activated by unique proteolytic cleavage reactions. Describe the significance of this phenomenon.Atherosclerosis can obstruct or block flow in arteries, including those that provide oxygenated blood to the heart. Elevated levels of [ Select ] ["LDL, and VLDL", "HDL"] are associated with atherosclerosis, most likely because of their role in delivery of lipids to peripheral tissues and cells. Smooth muscle cells are recruited to the site of damage, where they [ Select ] ["induce apoptosis of endothelial cells", "proliferate"] , hence expanding the extent of the lesion.If somatic tumors cause local regions in their vicinity to have an increased pOH, how is this strategic for the survival of the tumor? Select one: a. It allows the increased hydroxide concentrations to cause a conformational change in nearby hemoglobin to the R state so that ample oxygen is deposited for tumor growth. b. It allows the increased proton concentrations to cause a conformational change in nearby hemoglobin to the R state so that ample oxygen is deposited for tumor growth. c. It allows the increased proton concentrations to cause a conformational change in nearby hemoglobin to the T state so that ample oxygen is deposited for tumor growth. d. It allows the increased hydroxide concentrations to cause a conformational change in nearby hemoglobin to the T state so that ample oxygen is deposited for tumor growth. e. None of these.
- Hydroxyurea has been shown to increase the expression of fetal hemoglobin in adult red blood cells, by a mechanism that remains unclear. Explain why hydroxyurea can be a useful therapy for patients with sickle-cell anemia.PDGF is encoded by a gene that can cause cancer when expressed inappropriately. why do cancers not arise at wounds in which PDGF is released from platelets?The Warburg effect is where tumor cells preferentially catabolize glucose to lactate even in the presence of oxygen (aerobic glycolysis), whereas normal cells preferentially catabolize glucose to carbon dioxide (oxidative phosphorylation). Treatment of tumor cells with the lactate dehydrogenase inhibitor NCI-737 blocks ATP production. Which of the following statements about NCI-737 treated tumor cells are MOST correct? 1) AGglycolysis is negative 2) AGglycolysis is positive 3) AG" for glycolysis is negative 4) AG" for glycolysis is positive 5) NAD+/NADH decreases 6) NAD+/NADH increases 1, 4, 6 1, 3, 5 2, 4, 6 2, 3, 6 2, 3, 5