Treatment of patients whose injuries might cause massive blood loss has involved giving them plasma transfusions after they had been admitted to the emergency room. Sperry et al. (2018) investigated whether earlier treatment by the first responder might be more effective. In a randomized control trial, patients with trauma either did or did not receive earlier plasma transfusion. Of the 220 patients who received early plasma treatment, 52 died while of the 261 who received standard care, 89 died. Does the earlier treatment of plasma transfusion seem to be more effective? Early Treatment Standard Treatment
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- In an observational study it was found that people who had received the flu shot this year had better blood pressure readings, on average, than people who did not. Can it be claimed that the flu shot is the cause of the lower overall blood pressure? Why or why not?A clinical trial is being conducted to determine the efficacy of a novel antiretroviral medication for HIV patients. Patients are randomized to receive either standard antiretroviral therapy or the novel antiretroviral therapy and are followed for three months. The viral load, or the amount of HIV copies per milliliter of blood, is the most important outcome. Is there statistical evidence of a difference in viral load in patients receiving standard versus new anti-retroviral therapy? A total of 30 participants are randomized, and the data are shown below and it is Two tailed TestA randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluated the effect of the herbal remedy Echinacea purpurea in treating upper respiratory tract infections in 2- to 11-year olds. Each time a child had an upper respiratory tract infection, treatment with either echinacea or a placebo was given for the duration of the illness. One of the outcomes studied was “severity of symptoms.” A severity scale based on four symptoms was monitored and recorded by the parents of subjects for each instance of upper respiratory infection. The peak severity of symptoms in the 337 cases treated with echinacea had a mean score of 6.0 (standard deviation 2.3). The peak severity of symptoms in the placebo group (np = 370) had a mean score of 6.1 (standard deviation 2.4). Test the mean difference for significance using an independent t-test. Discuss your findings
- Most alpine skiers and snowboarders do not use helmets. Do helmetsreduce the risk of head injuries? A study in Norway compared skiers and snowboarders who suffered head injuries with a control group who were not injured. Of 578 injured subjects, 96 had worn a helmet. Of the 2992 in the control group, 656 wore helmets. Is helmet use less common among skiers and snowboarders who have head injuries?In an article about unusual allergies, a doctor explained that allergy to sulfites is usually seen in patients with asthma. The typical reaction is a sudden increase in asthma symptoms after eating a food containing sulfites. Studies are performed to estimate the percentage of the nation's 10 million asthmatics who are allergic to sulfites. In one survey, 32 of 400 randomly selected asthmatics in the country were found to be allergic to sulfites. Find and interpret a 90% confidence interval for the proportion, p, of all asthmatics in the country who are allergic to sulfites. Click here to view page 1 of the table of areas under the standard normal curve. Click here to view page 2 of the table of areas under the standard normal curve. to The 90% confidence interval is from (Round to three decimal places as needed.)In an article about unusual allergies, a doctor explained that allergy to sulfites is usually seen in patients with asthma. The typical reaction is a sudden increase in asthma symptoms after eating a food containing sulfites. Studies are performed to estimate the percentage of the nation's 10 million asthmatics who are allergic to sulfites. In one survey, 39 of 600 randomly selected asthmatics in the country were found to be allergic to sulfites. Find and interpret a 95% confidence interval for the proportion, p, of all asthmatics in the country who are allergic to sulfites. Click here to view page 1 of the table of areas under the standard normal curve. Click here to view page 2 of the table of areas under the standard normal curve. to The 95% confidence interval is from (Round to three decimal places as needed.) Interpret the confidence interval. Choose the correct answer below. O A. There is a 95% probability that the sample proportion of all asthmatics in the country who are…
- In an article about unusual allergies, a doctor explained that allergy to sulfites is usually seen in patients with asthma. The typical reaction is a sudden increase in asthma symptoms after eating a food containing sulfites. Studies are performed to estimate the percentage of the nation's 10 million asthmatics who are allergic to sulfites. In one survey, 22 of 400 randomly selected asthmatics in the country were found to be allergic to sulfites. Find and interpret a 90% confidence interval for the proportion, p, of all asthmatics in the country who are allergic to sulfites. Click here to view page 1 of the table of areas under the standard normal curve. Click here to view page 2 of the table of areas under the standard normal curve. The 90% confidence interval is from to. (Round to three decimal places as needed.) Interpret the confidence interval. Choose the correct answer below. O A. With 90% confidence, the true proportion of all asthmatics in the country who are allergic to…The drug Prevnar is a vaccine meant to prevent bacterial meningitis. A randomized, double-blind clinical trial was conducted. A total of 551 people were surveyed. Where the subjects in Group 1 received Prevnar and the subjects in Group 2 received a control vaccine. 137 of 452 subjects in Group 1 and 31 of 99 subjects in Group 2 experienced drowsiness as a side effect. Can you conclude that there is a significant difference in the proportion of people in group 1 and group 2 experienced drowsiness as a side affect at the 1% significance level?In a recent study; it was found that 62 percent of college students drink heavily and drive. Assuming all conditions are met, a police chief wanting to enact an emergency protocol for DWI/DUI wants to know if the claim is accurate. He took a sample of 70 college students who drank and drove and found that 46 of those students had a high blood alcohol level. Can we claim that more than 62 percent of all college students drink heavily and drive?
- Individuals who have experienced a stroke are at an increased risk of having another stroke. Prevention is particularly important for high-risk populations. The Second European Stroke Prevention Study asked whether daily doses of an anti-blood- clotting agent, such as aspirin or dipyridamole, would help prevent strokes among patients who had just experienced a first stroke. Volunteer patients were randomly assigned to one of four treatment options: placebo, aspirin, Dipy., Both drugs. Researchers then recorded the patients who had another stroke and specifically if they died from that second stroke or not. What are the hypotheses to determine if there is there a relationship between treatment and death from second stroke? Ho: Treatment type and death from second stroke are independent from one another. Ha: Treatment type and death from second stroke are NOT independent from one another. Ho: Treatment type and death from second stroke are NOT independent from one another. Ha: Treatment…Individuals who have experienced a stroke are at an increased risk of having another stroke. Prevention is particularly important for high-risk populations. The Second European Stroke Prevention Study asked whether daily doses of an anti- blood-clotting agent, such as aspirin or dipyridamole, would help prevent strokes among patients who had just experienced a first stroke. Volunteer patients were randomly assigned to one of four treatment options: placebo, aspirin, Dipy., Both drugs. Researchers then recorded the patients who had another stroke and specifically if they died from that second stroke or not. Conduct the chi-square test of independence. What decision is made? Did not die from 2nd stroke 1447 1467 1466 1465 Died from 2nd stroke Placebo Aspirin Dipyr. Both drugs 202 182 188 185 Reject Ho. Fail to reject Ho.In clinical trials of a medication, 2055 subjects were divided into two groups. The 1536 subjects in group 1 received the medication. The 519 in group 2 received a placebo. Of the 1536 subjects in group 1, 57 experienced dizziness as a side effect. In group 2, 13 experienced dizziness as a side effect. To test whether the proportion experiencing dizziness in group 1 is greater than that in group 2, the researchers entered the data into statistical software and obtained the following results. Test at a = 0.01. Sample 1 Sample p 0.037109 95% Cl for p(1) - p(2): (- 0.004374, 0.028496) 0.025048 Test for p(1) - p(2) = 0 (vs > 0): z = 1.31 P-value = 0.095 Estimate for p(1) - p(2): 0.012061 57 1536 13 519 %3D (This is a reading assessment question. Be certain of your answer because you only get one attempt on this question.) What conclusion can be drawn at the a = 0.01 level of significance? A. Do not reject Ho, there is not enough evidence to conclude that the proportion experiencing…